Awareness of climate change's impacts and motivation to adapt are not enough to drive action: A look of Puerto Rican farmers after Hurricane Maria
Understanding how perceptions around motivation, capacity, and climate change’s impacts relate to the adoption of adaptation practices in light of experiences with extreme weather events is important in assessing farmers’ adaptive capacity. However, very little of this work has occurred in islands,...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one Jg. 16; H. 1; S. e0244512 |
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Public Library of Science
27.01.2021
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| Abstract | Understanding how perceptions around motivation, capacity, and climate change’s impacts relate to the adoption of adaptation practices in light of experiences with extreme weather events is important in assessing farmers’ adaptive capacity. However, very little of this work has occurred in islands, which may have different vulnerabilities and capacities for adaptation. Data of surveyed farmers throughout Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria (n = 405, 87% response rate) were used in a structural equation model to explore the extent to which their adoption of agricultural practices and management strategies was driven by perceptions of motivation, vulnerability, and capacity as a function of their psychological distance of climate change. Our results show that half of farmers did not adopt any practice or strategy, even though the majority perceived themselves capable and motivated to adapt to climate change, and understood their farms to be vulnerable to future extreme events. Furthermore, adoption was neither linked to these adaptation perceptions, nor to their psychological distance of climate change, which we found to be both near and far. Puerto Rican farmers’ showed a broad awareness of climate change’s impacts both locally and globally in different dimensions (temporal, spatial, and social), and climate distance was not linked to reported damages from Hurricane Maria or to previous extreme weather events. These results suggest that we may be reaching a tipping point for extreme events as a driver for climate belief and action, especially in places where there is a high level of climate change awareness and continued experience of compounded impacts. Further, high perceived capacity and motivation are not linked to actual adaptation behaviors, suggesting that broadening adaptation analyses beyond individual perceptions and capacities as drivers of climate adaptation may give us a better understanding of the determinants to strengthen farmers’ adaptive capacity. |
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| AbstractList | Understanding how perceptions around motivation, capacity, and climate change's impacts relate to the adoption of adaptation practices in light of experiences with extreme weather events is important in assessing farmers' adaptive capacity. However, very little of this work has occurred in islands, which may have different vulnerabilities and capacities for adaptation. Data of surveyed farmers throughout Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria (n = 405, 87% response rate) were used in a structural equation model to explore the extent to which their adoption of agricultural practices and management strategies was driven by perceptions of motivation, vulnerability, and capacity as a function of their psychological distance of climate change. Our results show that half of farmers did not adopt any practice or strategy, even though the majority perceived themselves capable and motivated to adapt to climate change, and understood their farms to be vulnerable to future extreme events. Furthermore, adoption was neither linked to these adaptation perceptions, nor to their psychological distance of climate change, which we found to be both near and far. Puerto Rican farmers' showed a broad awareness of climate change's impacts both locally and globally in different dimensions (temporal, spatial, and social), and climate distance was not linked to reported damages from Hurricane Maria or to previous extreme weather events. These results suggest that we may be reaching a tipping point for extreme events as a driver for climate belief and action, especially in places where there is a high level of climate change awareness and continued experience of compounded impacts. Further, high perceived capacity and motivation are not linked to actual adaptation behaviors, suggesting that broadening adaptation analyses beyond individual perceptions and capacities as drivers of climate adaptation may give us a better understanding of the determinants to strengthen farmers' adaptive capacity. Understanding how perceptions around motivation, capacity, and climate change's impacts relate to the adoption of adaptation practices in light of experiences with extreme weather events is important in assessing farmers' adaptive capacity. However, very little of this work has occurred in islands, which may have different vulnerabilities and capacities for adaptation. Data of surveyed farmers throughout Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria (n = 405, 87% response rate) were used in a structural equation model to explore the extent to which their adoption of agricultural practices and management strategies was driven by perceptions of motivation, vulnerability, and capacity as a function of their psychological distance of climate change. Our results show that half of farmers did not adopt any practice or strategy, even though the majority perceived themselves capable and motivated to adapt to climate change, and understood their farms to be vulnerable to future extreme events. Furthermore, adoption was neither linked to these adaptation perceptions, nor to their psychological distance of climate change, which we found to be both near and far. Puerto Rican farmers' showed a broad awareness of climate change's impacts both locally and globally in different dimensions (temporal, spatial, and social), and climate distance was not linked to reported damages from Hurricane Maria or to previous extreme weather events. These results suggest that we may be reaching a tipping point for extreme events as a driver for climate belief and action, especially in places where there is a high level of climate change awareness and continued experience of compounded impacts. Further, high perceived capacity and motivation are not linked to actual adaptation behaviors, suggesting that broadening adaptation analyses beyond individual perceptions and capacities as drivers of climate adaptation may give us a better understanding of the determinants to strengthen farmers' adaptive capacity.Understanding how perceptions around motivation, capacity, and climate change's impacts relate to the adoption of adaptation practices in light of experiences with extreme weather events is important in assessing farmers' adaptive capacity. However, very little of this work has occurred in islands, which may have different vulnerabilities and capacities for adaptation. Data of surveyed farmers throughout Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria (n = 405, 87% response rate) were used in a structural equation model to explore the extent to which their adoption of agricultural practices and management strategies was driven by perceptions of motivation, vulnerability, and capacity as a function of their psychological distance of climate change. Our results show that half of farmers did not adopt any practice or strategy, even though the majority perceived themselves capable and motivated to adapt to climate change, and understood their farms to be vulnerable to future extreme events. Furthermore, adoption was neither linked to these adaptation perceptions, nor to their psychological distance of climate change, which we found to be both near and far. Puerto Rican farmers' showed a broad awareness of climate change's impacts both locally and globally in different dimensions (temporal, spatial, and social), and climate distance was not linked to reported damages from Hurricane Maria or to previous extreme weather events. These results suggest that we may be reaching a tipping point for extreme events as a driver for climate belief and action, especially in places where there is a high level of climate change awareness and continued experience of compounded impacts. Further, high perceived capacity and motivation are not linked to actual adaptation behaviors, suggesting that broadening adaptation analyses beyond individual perceptions and capacities as drivers of climate adaptation may give us a better understanding of the determinants to strengthen farmers' adaptive capacity. About the Authors: Luis Alexis Rodríguez-Cruz Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft * E-mail: lrodrig2@uvm.edu Affiliations Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America, Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-8448 Meredith T. Niles Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing Affiliations Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-1351 Introduction Exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity are three main determinants of farmers’ vulnerability to natural hazards [1, 2]. Research in the Caribbean and Central America―areas exposed to Atlantic hurricanes―have shown that farms and farmers’ characteristics, such as farm size, levels of education and income, and production styles, as well as their access to diverse markets, and sources of support, are important in reducing vulnerability to natural hazards [12, 17–20]. [...]as an event gets closer in time (e.g. conference presentation), the awareness of the dynamics involved become more concrete (e.g. transportation to the venue, nervousness, time management, and other variables). [...]Construal Level Theory explains that we use mental constructs to build understanding of what transcends the here and now. Some studies support that the four dimensions of the psychological distance of climate change are interrelated. [...]studies suggest that being psychologically close impacts behavior. About the Authors: Luis Alexis Rodríguez-Cruz Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft * E-mail: lrodrig2@uvm.edu Affiliations Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America, Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-8448 Meredith T. Niles Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing Affiliations Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-1351 Introduction Exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity are three main determinants of farmers’ vulnerability to natural hazards [1, 2]. Research in the Caribbean and Central America―areas exposed to Atlantic hurricanes―have shown that farms and farmers’ characteristics, such as farm size, levels of education and income, and production styles, as well as their access to diverse markets, and sources of support, are important in reducing vulnerability to natural hazards [12, 17–20]. [...]as an event gets closer in time (e.g. conference presentation), the awareness of the dynamics involved become more concrete (e.g. transportation to the venue, nervousness, time management, and other variables). [...]Construal Level Theory explains that we use mental constructs to build understanding of what transcends the here and now. Some studies support that the four dimensions of the psychological distance of climate change are interrelated. [...]studies suggest that being psychologically close impacts behavior. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Rodríguez-Cruz, Luis Alexis Niles, Meredith T. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America University of Lincoln, UNITED KINGDOM 3 Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America 2 Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: University of Lincoln, UNITED KINGDOM – name: 3 Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America – name: 1 Food Systems Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America – name: 2 Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Luis Alexis orcidid: 0000-0002-2229-8448 surname: Rodríguez-Cruz fullname: Rodríguez-Cruz, Luis Alexis – sequence: 2 givenname: Meredith T. orcidid: 0000-0002-8323-1351 surname: Niles fullname: Niles, Meredith T. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33503036$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science 2021 Rodríguez-Cruz, Niles. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 Rodríguez-Cruz, Niles 2021 Rodríguez-Cruz, Niles |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0244512 |
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| Publisher_xml | – name: Public Library of Science – name: Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| Snippet | Understanding how perceptions around motivation, capacity, and climate change’s impacts relate to the adoption of adaptation practices in light of experiences... Understanding how perceptions around motivation, capacity, and climate change's impacts relate to the adoption of adaptation practices in light of experiences... About the Authors: Luis Alexis Rodríguez-Cruz Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adaptation Adaptation, Psychological Adult Aged Agricultural management Agriculture Behavior Beliefs, opinions and attitudes Biology and Life Sciences Climate Change Cyclonic Storms Earth Sciences Environmental impact Farmers Farmers - psychology Farms Food systems Hazards Humans Hurricanes Islands Middle Aged Models, Theoretical Motivation Nutrition People and Places Perceptions Psychological aspects Psychological factors Puerto Rico Social Sciences Surveys and Questionnaires Time management |
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| Title | Awareness of climate change's impacts and motivation to adapt are not enough to drive action: A look of Puerto Rican farmers after Hurricane Maria |
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| Volume | 16 |
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