Contact tracing indicators for COVID-19: Rapid scoping review and conceptual framework
Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual...
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| Published in: | PloS one Vol. 17; no. 2; p. e0264433 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
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28.02.2022
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date.
We conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction).
We identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area "financial resources", the outcome area "transmission chain interruption", and the impact area "incidence reduction".
Almost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems. |
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| AbstractList | Background Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date. Methods We conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction). Results We identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area “financial resources”, the outcome area “transmission chain interruption”, and the impact area “incidence reduction”. Conclusions Almost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems. BackgroundContact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date.MethodsWe conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction).ResultsWe identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area "financial resources", the outcome area "transmission chain interruption", and the impact area "incidence reduction".ConclusionsAlmost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems. Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date. We conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction). We identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area "financial resources", the outcome area "transmission chain interruption", and the impact area "incidence reduction". Almost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems. Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date.BACKGROUNDContact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date.We conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction).METHODSWe conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction).We identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area "financial resources", the outcome area "transmission chain interruption", and the impact area "incidence reduction".RESULTSWe identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area "financial resources", the outcome area "transmission chain interruption", and the impact area "incidence reduction".Almost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems.CONCLUSIONSAlmost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems. Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date. We conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction). We identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area "financial resources", the outcome area "transmission chain interruption", and the impact area "incidence reduction". Almost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems. Background Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little guidance on how to monitor contact tracing performance, and no systematic overview of indicators to assess contact tracing systems or conceptual framework for such indicators exists to date. Methods We conducted a rapid scoping review using a systematic literature search strategy in the peer-reviewed and grey literature as well as open source online documents. We developed a conceptual framework to map indicators by type (input, process, output, outcome, impact) and thematic area (human resources, financial resources, case investigation, contact identification, contact testing, contact follow up, case isolation, contact quarantine, transmission chain interruption, incidence reduction). Results We identified a total of 153 contact tracing indicators from 1,555 peer-reviewed studies, 894 studies from grey literature sources, and 15 sources from internet searches. Two-thirds of indicators were process indicators (102; 67%), while 48 (31%) indicators were output indicators. Only three (2%) indicators were input indicators. Indicators covered seven out of ten conceptualized thematic areas, with more than half being related to either case investigation (37; 24%) or contact identification (44; 29%). There were no indicators for the input area “financial resources”, the outcome area “transmission chain interruption”, and the impact area “incidence reduction”. Conclusions Almost all identified indicators were either process or output indicators focusing on case investigation, contact identification, case isolation or contact quarantine. We identified important gaps in input, outcome and impact indicators, which constrains evidence-based assessment of contact tracing systems. A universally agreed set of indicators is needed to allow for cross-system comparisons and to improve the performance of contact tracing systems. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Vong, Sirenda Crowe, Madeleine del Rio Vilas, Victor Kurup, Karishma Krishna Habrun, Caroline Woodward, Alexandra Jaramillo-Gutierrez, Giovanna Vogt, Florian Mussleman, Paul Kaldor, John |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, The Australian Capital Territory, Australia 6 Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 7 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, U.S. Department of Defense, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America 3 Independent Public Health Consultant, New Delhi, India 8 Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 9 South East Asia Regional Office, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India 5 New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America Chinese University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG 4 University Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America 1 The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia – name: 4 University Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America – name: Chinese University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG – name: 2 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, The Australian Capital Territory, Australia – name: 8 Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland – name: 9 South East Asia Regional Office, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India – name: 5 New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America – name: 7 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, U.S. Department of Defense, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America – name: 6 Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland – name: 3 Independent Public Health Consultant, New Delhi, India |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Florian orcidid: 0000-0003-2686-3149 surname: Vogt fullname: Vogt, Florian – sequence: 2 givenname: Karishma Krishna surname: Kurup fullname: Kurup, Karishma Krishna – sequence: 3 givenname: Paul surname: Mussleman fullname: Mussleman, Paul – sequence: 4 givenname: Caroline surname: Habrun fullname: Habrun, Caroline – sequence: 5 givenname: Madeleine surname: Crowe fullname: Crowe, Madeleine – sequence: 6 givenname: Alexandra surname: Woodward fullname: Woodward, Alexandra – sequence: 7 givenname: Giovanna surname: Jaramillo-Gutierrez fullname: Jaramillo-Gutierrez, Giovanna – sequence: 8 givenname: John surname: Kaldor fullname: Kaldor, John – sequence: 9 givenname: Sirenda surname: Vong fullname: Vong, Sirenda – sequence: 10 givenname: Victor surname: del Rio Vilas fullname: del Rio Vilas, Victor |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35226699$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19137979 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0004579 crossref_primary_10_2196_44728 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare13030268 crossref_primary_10_17269_s41997_023_00773_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imu_2022_101125 crossref_primary_10_3390_tropicalmed7060098 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_puhe_2025_02_019 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0271848 crossref_primary_10_2196_42678 |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science 2022 Vogt et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2022 Vogt et al 2022 Vogt et al |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0264433 |
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| References_xml | – year: 2021 ident: pone.0264433.ref015 publication-title: Indicators. – volume: 48 start-page: 91 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: pone.0264433.ref002 article-title: Global strategies and effectiveness for COVID-19 prevention through contact tracing, screening, quarantine, and isolation: a systematic review publication-title: Trop Med Health doi: 10.1186/s41182-020-00285-w – ident: pone.0264433.ref005 article-title: A comparative analysis of COVID-19 contact tracing guidance across WHO member states and regions. publication-title: COVID-19 Knowledge Hub. – ident: pone.0264433.ref003 publication-title: Contact tracing in the context of COVID-19 –Interim guidance – ident: pone.0264433.ref016 – ident: pone.0264433.ref012 – volume: 23 start-page: 1 year: 2002 ident: pone.0264433.ref017 article-title: Public health quality measurement: concepts and challenges publication-title: Annu Rev Public Health doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.092601.095644 – volume: 6 start-page: e1000097 issue: 7 year: 2009 ident: pone.0264433.ref021 article-title: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. publication-title: PLoS Med doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 – ident: pone.0264433.ref006 publication-title: COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response–Monitoring and evaluation framework – ident: pone.0264433.ref014 – ident: pone.0264433.ref007 article-title: Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. Online global consultation on contact tracing for COVID-19 – ident: pone.0264433.ref019 – volume: 169 start-page: 467 issue: 7 year: 2018 ident: pone.0264433.ref010 article-title: PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation publication-title: Ann Intern Med doi: 10.7326/M18-0850 – ident: pone.0264433.ref001 publication-title: Case Investigation and Contact Tracing: Part of a Multipronged Approach to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic – ident: pone.0264433.ref008 article-title: The Good Indicators Guide: understanding how to use and choose indicators. – volume: 53 start-page: 91 year: 2015 ident: pone.0264433.ref018 article-title: A comprehensive health service evaluation and monitoring framework publication-title: Eval Program Plann doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2015.08.006 – volume: 12 start-page: 139 issue: 2 year: 1991 ident: pone.0264433.ref013 article-title: The Logical Framework Approach to Project Design and Management publication-title: Evaluation Practice doi: 10.1177/109821409101200204 – ident: pone.0264433.ref011 – ident: pone.0264433.ref004 article-title: Contact Tracing – ident: pone.0264433.ref009 – volume: 371 start-page: eabe2424 issue: 6526 year: 2021 ident: pone.0264433.ref020 article-title: Transmission heterogeneities, kinetics, and controllability of SARS-CoV-2 publication-title: Science doi: 10.1126/science.abe2424 |
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| Snippet | Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is little... Background Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is... BackgroundContact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is... Background Contact tracing is one of the key interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic but its implementation varies widely across countries. There is... |
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| SubjectTerms | Biology and life sciences Chains Citation management software Contact Contact Tracing Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - prevention & control Disease transmission Epidemics Grey literature Health surveillance Human resources Humans Incidence Indicators Infection control Infections Literature reviews Medicine and Health Sciences Methods Middle East respiratory syndrome Mobile Applications Pandemics Pandemics - prevention & control Performance enhancement Public health Quarantine Reduction Research and Analysis Methods Reviews SARS-CoV-2 Search engines Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Social Sciences Surveillance |
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| Title | Contact tracing indicators for COVID-19: Rapid scoping review and conceptual framework |
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