Skeletal-related events and mortality among men diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer: The impact of alternative measures of radiation to the bone
Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevale...
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| Vydané v: | PloS one Ročník 12; číslo 4; s. e0175956 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Jazyk: | English |
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United States
Public Library of Science
18.04.2017
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality.
We analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c).
The study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95-1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14-1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients.
We found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients. |
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| AbstractList | Purpose/objective(s)Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality.Methods and materialsWe analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c).ResultsThe study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95-1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14-1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients.ConclusionWe found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients. Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality. We analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c). The study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95-1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14-1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients. We found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients. Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality.PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality.We analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c).METHODS AND MATERIALSWe analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c).The study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95-1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14-1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients.RESULTSThe study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95-1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14-1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients.We found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients.CONCLUSIONWe found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients. Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality. We analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c). The study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95-1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14-1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients. We found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients. Purpose/Objective(s) Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality. Methods and materials We analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c). Results The study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95-1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14-1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients. Conclusion We found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients. Purpose/Objective(s) Skeletal-related events (SREs), which include radiation to the bone (RtB), can occur among patients with bone metastasis (BM). There is a recognized potential for misclassification of RtB when using claims data. We compared alternative measures of RtB to better understand their impact on SRE prevalence and SRE-related mortality. Methods and materials We analyzed data for stage IV prostate cancer (PCa) cases identified between 2005 and 2009 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked with Medicare claims. We created two measures of RtB: 1) a literature-based measure requiring the presence of a prior claim with a BM code; 2) a new measure requiring either that the BM code coincided with the radiation episode or that the duration of the radiation episode was less than or equal to 4 weeks. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of an SRE using both measures among stratified samples: no metastasis (M0), metastasis to bone (M1b) and other sites (M1c). Results The study sample included 5,074 men with stage IV PCa (median age 77 years), of whom 22% had M0, 54% had M1b, and 24% had M1c disease at time of PCa diagnosis. Based on Approaches 1 and 2, the proportion with probable RtB was 5% and 8% among M0, 30% and 30% among M1b, and 25% and 27% among M1c patients. Among M0 patients, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) associated with an SRE was 1.27 when using Approach 1 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.95–1.7) and 1.49 when using Approach 2 (95% CI: 1.14–1.96). However, the impact of SREs on mortality did not differ between both approaches among M1b and M1c patients. Conclusion We found that alternative measures used to define RtB as SRE in claims data impact conclusions regarding the effect of SREs on mortality among M0 but not M1 patients. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Valderrama, Adriana Onukwugha, Eberechukwu Seal, Brian Yong, Candice Kwok, Young Ciezki, Jay P. Hussain, Arif Reddy, Chandana A. Plaisant, Catherine Mullins, C. Daniel |
| AuthorAffiliation | University of L'Aquila, ITALY 1 University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America 3 Cleveland Clinic Radiation Oncology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America 5 Bayer HealthCare, Whippany, New Jersey, United States of America 6 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States of America 2 University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America 4 University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 6 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States of America – name: University of L'Aquila, ITALY – name: 3 Cleveland Clinic Radiation Oncology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America – name: 4 University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, United States of America – name: 2 University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America – name: 1 University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States of America – name: 5 Bayer HealthCare, Whippany, New Jersey, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Eberechukwu orcidid: 0000-0001-8547-1810 surname: Onukwugha fullname: Onukwugha, Eberechukwu – sequence: 2 givenname: Young surname: Kwok fullname: Kwok, Young – sequence: 3 givenname: Jay P. surname: Ciezki fullname: Ciezki, Jay P. – sequence: 4 givenname: Candice surname: Yong fullname: Yong, Candice – sequence: 5 givenname: Catherine surname: Plaisant fullname: Plaisant, Catherine – sequence: 6 givenname: Chandana A. surname: Reddy fullname: Reddy, Chandana A. – sequence: 7 givenname: C. Daniel surname: Mullins fullname: Mullins, C. Daniel – sequence: 8 givenname: Brian surname: Seal fullname: Seal, Brian – sequence: 9 givenname: Adriana surname: Valderrama fullname: Valderrama, Adriana – sequence: 10 givenname: Arif surname: Hussain fullname: Hussain, Arif |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28419139$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejca_2021_06_005 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0193661 crossref_primary_10_2217_fon_2018_0407 |
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| Copyright | COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science 2017 Onukwugha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2017 Onukwugha et al 2017 Onukwugha et al |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 These authors also contributed equally to this work. Conceptualization: EO CDM AH BS.Data curation: EO CY.Formal analysis: EO CY CP.Funding acquisition: EO CDM BS AV.Investigation: EO CY.Methodology: EO YK JPC CY CAR AH.Project administration: EO.Resources: EO BS AV.Software: EO CY CP.Supervision: EO CDM AH.Visualization: EO YK JPC CY CP CAR.Writing – original draft: EO YK JPC CY.Writing – review & editing: EO YK JPC CY CP CAR CDM BS AV AH. Competing Interests: The competing interests listed are those that were accurate at the time of the study. We have the following interests: Brian Seal and Adriana Valderrama are employed by Bayer HealthCare. EO: Consulting or Advisory Role - Janssen; AstraZeneca; Grant – Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals. CDM: Consulting or Advisory Role - Amgen; Bayer; Bristol-Myers Squibb; GlaxoSmithKline; Novartis; Pfizer. Grants – Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer. AV: Employment – Bayer; Stock and Other Ownership Interests – Bayer. BS: Employment – Bayer; Stock and Other Ownership Interests – Bayer. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. These competing interests do not alter our adherence to all of the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors. |
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| SubjectTerms | Aged Aged, 80 and over Analysis Biology and Life Sciences Bone and Bones - pathology Bone and Bones - radiation effects Bone cancer Bone Neoplasms - mortality Bone Neoplasms - radiotherapy Bone Neoplasms - secondary Bone surgery Breast cancer Cadmium Cancer therapies Castration Clinical medicine Clinical trials Complications Complications and side effects Compression Computer graphics Data processing Demographic aspects Epidemiology Fractures Government programs Guidelines Health aspects Health care Humans Impact analysis Lungs Male Medical diagnosis Medical research Medicare Medicine and Health Sciences Mens health Metastases Metastasis Morbidity Mortality Multiple myeloma Musculoskeletal system Oncology Palliation Pancreatic cancer People and Places Pharmacy Physics Population studies Prognosis Proportional Hazards Models Prostate Prostate - pathology Prostate cancer Prostate carcinoma Prostatic Neoplasms - mortality Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology Quality of life Radiation Radiation exposure Radiation therapy Retrospective Studies Risk factors Spinal cord Studies Surgery Survival United States United States - epidemiology Zoledronic acid |
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| Title | Skeletal-related events and mortality among men diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer: The impact of alternative measures of radiation to the bone |
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