Pulmonary toxicity and lung tumorigenic potential of surrogate metal oxides in gas metal arc welding–stainless steel fume: Iron as a primary mediator versus chromium and nickel
In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where fumes lack carcinogenic chromium and nickel, and stainless steel (SS) increase lung cancer risk in welders; therefore, further resear...
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| Vydáno v: | PloS one Ročník 13; číslo 12; s. e0209413 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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United States
Public Library of Science
26.12.2018
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
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| ISSN: | 1932-6203, 1932-6203 |
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| Abstract | In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where fumes lack carcinogenic chromium and nickel, and stainless steel (SS) increase lung cancer risk in welders; therefore, further research to better understand the toxicity of the individual metals is needed. The objectives were to (1) compare the pulmonary toxicity of chromium (as Cr(III) oxide [Cr2O3] and Cr (VI) calcium chromate [CaCrO4]), nickel [II] oxide (NiO), iron [III] oxide (Fe2O3), and gas metal arc welding-SS (GMAW-SS) fume; and (2) determine if these metal oxides can promote lung tumors. Lung tumor susceptible A/J mice (male, 4-5 weeks old) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to vehicle, GMAW-SS fume (1.7 mg), or a low or high dose of surrogate metal oxides based on the respective weight percent of each metal in the fume: Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 (366 + 5 μg and 731 + 11 μg), NiO (141 and 281 μg), or Fe2O3 (1 and 2 mg). Bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, and lung/liver qPCR were done at 1, 7, 28, and 84 days post-aspiration. In a two-stage lung carcinogenesis model, mice were initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (10 μg/g; intraperitoneal; 1x) or corn oil then exposed to metal oxides or vehicle (1 x/week for 5 weeks) by oropharyngeal aspiration. Lung tumors were counted at 30 weeks post-initiation. Results indicate the inflammatory potential of the metal oxides was Fe2O3 > Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 > NiO. Overall, the pneumotoxic effects were negligible for NiO, acute but not persistent for Cr2O3 + CaCrO4, and persistent for the Fe2O3 exposures. Fe2O3, but not Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 or NiO significantly promoted lung tumors. These results provide experimental evidence that Fe2O3 is an important mediator of welding fume toxicity and support epidemiological findings and the IARC classification. |
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| AbstractList | In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where fumes lack carcinogenic chromium and nickel, and stainless steel (SS) increase lung cancer risk in welders; therefore, further research to better understand the toxicity of the individual metals is needed. The objectives were to (1) compare the pulmonary toxicity of chromium (as Cr(III) oxide [Cr2O3] and Cr (VI) calcium chromate [CaCrO4]), nickel [II] oxide (NiO), iron [III] oxide (Fe2O3), and gas metal arc welding-SS (GMAW-SS) fume; and (2) determine if these metal oxides can promote lung tumors. Lung tumor susceptible A/J mice (male, 4-5 weeks old) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to vehicle, GMAW-SS fume (1.7 mg), or a low or high dose of surrogate metal oxides based on the respective weight percent of each metal in the fume: Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 (366 + 5 μg and 731 + 11 μg), NiO (141 and 281 μg), or Fe2O3 (1 and 2 mg). Bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, and lung/liver qPCR were done at 1, 7, 28, and 84 days post-aspiration. In a two-stage lung carcinogenesis model, mice were initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (10 μg/g; intraperitoneal; 1x) or corn oil then exposed to metal oxides or vehicle (1 x/week for 5 weeks) by oropharyngeal aspiration. Lung tumors were counted at 30 weeks post-initiation. Results indicate the inflammatory potential of the metal oxides was Fe2O3 > Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 > NiO. Overall, the pneumotoxic effects were negligible for NiO, acute but not persistent for Cr2O3 + CaCrO4, and persistent for the Fe2O3 exposures. Fe2O3, but not Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 or NiO significantly promoted lung tumors. These results provide experimental evidence that Fe2O3 is an important mediator of welding fume toxicity and support epidemiological findings and the IARC classification. In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where fumes lack carcinogenic chromium and nickel, and stainless steel (SS) increase lung cancer risk in welders; therefore, further research to better understand the toxicity of the individual metals is needed. The objectives were to (1) compare the pulmonary toxicity of chromium (as Cr(III) oxide [Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 ] and Cr (VI) calcium chromate [CaCrO.sub.4 ]), nickel [II] oxide (NiO), iron [III] oxide (Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 ), and gas metal arc welding-SS (GMAW-SS) fume; and (2) determine if these metal oxides can promote lung tumors. Lung tumor susceptible A/J mice (male, 4-5 weeks old) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to vehicle, GMAW-SS fume (1.7 mg), or a low or high dose of surrogate metal oxides based on the respective weight percent of each metal in the fume: Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 + CaCrO.sub.4 (366 + 5 [mu]g and 731 + 11 [mu]g), NiO (141 and 281 [mu]g), or Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 (1 and 2 mg). Bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, and lung/liver qPCR were done at 1, 7, 28, and 84 days post-aspiration. In a two-stage lung carcinogenesis model, mice were initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (10 [mu]g/g; intraperitoneal; 1x) or corn oil then exposed to metal oxides or vehicle (1 x/week for 5 weeks) by oropharyngeal aspiration. Lung tumors were counted at 30 weeks post-initiation. Results indicate the inflammatory potential of the metal oxides was Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 > Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 + CaCrO.sub.4 > NiO. Overall, the pneumotoxic effects were negligible for NiO, acute but not persistent for Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 + CaCrO.sub.4, and persistent for the Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 exposures. Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, but not Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 + CaCrO.sub.4 or NiO significantly promoted lung tumors. These results provide experimental evidence that Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 is an important mediator of welding fume toxicity and support epidemiological findings and the IARC classification. In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where fumes lack carcinogenic chromium and nickel, and stainless steel (SS) increase lung cancer risk in welders; therefore, further research to better understand the toxicity of the individual metals is needed. The objectives were to (1) compare the pulmonary toxicity of chromium (as Cr(III) oxide [Cr2O3] and Cr (VI) calcium chromate [CaCrO4]), nickel [II] oxide (NiO), iron [III] oxide (Fe2O3), and gas metal arc welding-SS (GMAW-SS) fume; and (2) determine if these metal oxides can promote lung tumors. Lung tumor susceptible A/J mice (male, 4-5 weeks old) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to vehicle, GMAW-SS fume (1.7 mg), or a low or high dose of surrogate metal oxides based on the respective weight percent of each metal in the fume: Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 (366 + 5 μg and 731 + 11 μg), NiO (141 and 281 μg), or Fe2O3 (1 and 2 mg). Bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, and lung/liver qPCR were done at 1, 7, 28, and 84 days post-aspiration. In a two-stage lung carcinogenesis model, mice were initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (10 μg/g; intraperitoneal; 1x) or corn oil then exposed to metal oxides or vehicle (1 x/week for 5 weeks) by oropharyngeal aspiration. Lung tumors were counted at 30 weeks post-initiation. Results indicate the inflammatory potential of the metal oxides was Fe2O3 > Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 > NiO. Overall, the pneumotoxic effects were negligible for NiO, acute but not persistent for Cr2O3 + CaCrO4, and persistent for the Fe2O3 exposures. Fe2O3, but not Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 or NiO significantly promoted lung tumors. These results provide experimental evidence that Fe2O3 is an important mediator of welding fume toxicity and support epidemiological findings and the IARC classification.In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where fumes lack carcinogenic chromium and nickel, and stainless steel (SS) increase lung cancer risk in welders; therefore, further research to better understand the toxicity of the individual metals is needed. The objectives were to (1) compare the pulmonary toxicity of chromium (as Cr(III) oxide [Cr2O3] and Cr (VI) calcium chromate [CaCrO4]), nickel [II] oxide (NiO), iron [III] oxide (Fe2O3), and gas metal arc welding-SS (GMAW-SS) fume; and (2) determine if these metal oxides can promote lung tumors. Lung tumor susceptible A/J mice (male, 4-5 weeks old) were exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to vehicle, GMAW-SS fume (1.7 mg), or a low or high dose of surrogate metal oxides based on the respective weight percent of each metal in the fume: Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 (366 + 5 μg and 731 + 11 μg), NiO (141 and 281 μg), or Fe2O3 (1 and 2 mg). Bronchoalveolar lavage, histopathology, and lung/liver qPCR were done at 1, 7, 28, and 84 days post-aspiration. In a two-stage lung carcinogenesis model, mice were initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene (10 μg/g; intraperitoneal; 1x) or corn oil then exposed to metal oxides or vehicle (1 x/week for 5 weeks) by oropharyngeal aspiration. Lung tumors were counted at 30 weeks post-initiation. Results indicate the inflammatory potential of the metal oxides was Fe2O3 > Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 > NiO. Overall, the pneumotoxic effects were negligible for NiO, acute but not persistent for Cr2O3 + CaCrO4, and persistent for the Fe2O3 exposures. Fe2O3, but not Cr2O3 + CaCrO4 or NiO significantly promoted lung tumors. These results provide experimental evidence that Fe2O3 is an important mediator of welding fume toxicity and support epidemiological findings and the IARC classification. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Kodali, Vamsi Battelli, Lori Erdely, Aaron Zeidler-Erdely, Patti C. Keane, Michael Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. Salmen, Rebecca Antonini, James M. Bowers, Lauren Falcone, Lauryn M. Kashon, Michael L. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America 3 Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America 2 West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America VIT University, INDIA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America – name: VIT University, INDIA – name: 2 West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America – name: 1 Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lauryn M. surname: Falcone fullname: Falcone, Lauryn M. – sequence: 2 givenname: Aaron surname: Erdely fullname: Erdely, Aaron – sequence: 3 givenname: Rebecca surname: Salmen fullname: Salmen, Rebecca – sequence: 4 givenname: Michael surname: Keane fullname: Keane, Michael – sequence: 5 givenname: Lori surname: Battelli fullname: Battelli, Lori – sequence: 6 givenname: Vamsi surname: Kodali fullname: Kodali, Vamsi – sequence: 7 givenname: Lauren surname: Bowers fullname: Bowers, Lauren – sequence: 8 givenname: Aleksandr B. surname: Stefaniak fullname: Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. – sequence: 9 givenname: Michael L. surname: Kashon fullname: Kashon, Michael L. – sequence: 10 givenname: James M. surname: Antonini fullname: Antonini, James M. – sequence: 11 givenname: Patti C. surname: Zeidler-Erdely fullname: Zeidler-Erdely, Patti C. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30586399$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where... In 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified welding fumes as “carcinogenic to humans” (Group 1). Both mild steel (MS) welding, where... |
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| SubjectTerms | 3-Methylcholanthrene Air Pollutants, Occupational - toxicity Alveoli Animals Biology and Life Sciences Bronchus Calcium Calcium Compounds - toxicity Cancer Carcinogenesis Carcinogenesis - chemically induced Carcinogens Carcinogens - toxicity Chromate Chromates Chromates - toxicity Chromium Chromium (Metal) Chromium Compounds - toxicity Chromium oxides Corn oil Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA damage Electrodes Environmental aspects Epidemiology Exposure Ferric Compounds - toxicity Fuel consumption Fumes Gas metal arc welding Gases Health aspects Health risks Heavy metals Histopathology Inflammation Iron Iron (Metal) Iron oxides Laboratories Liver Low carbon steels Lung - drug effects Lung - pathology Lung cancer Lung diseases Lung Neoplasms - chemically induced Lung Neoplasms - pathology Male Medicine and Health Sciences Metal oxides Metal workers Metals Methylcholanthrene - toxicity Mice Nickel Nickel (Metal) Nickel - toxicity Nickel chromium steels Nickel oxides Occupational exposure Oils & fats Oxidative stress Oxides Pneumonia Prevention Preventive medicine Risk factors Stainless steel Stainless Steel - chemistry Stainless Steel - toxicity Stainless steels Toxicity Toxicology Tumors Weight Welding Welding - methods Welding fumes Welding machines |
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| Title | Pulmonary toxicity and lung tumorigenic potential of surrogate metal oxides in gas metal arc welding–stainless steel fume: Iron as a primary mediator versus chromium and nickel |
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