Resting state EEG biomarkers of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment

In this paper, we explore the utility of resting-state EEG measures as potential biomarkers for the detection and assessment of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neurophysiological biomarkers of AD derived from EEG and FDG-PET, once characterized and...

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Published in:	PloS one Vol. 16; no. 2; p. e0244180
Main Authors:	Meghdadi, Amir H., Stevanović Karić, Marija, McConnell, Marissa, Rupp, Greg, Richard, Christian, Hamilton, Joanne, Salat, David, Berka, Chris
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 05.02.2021 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Aging (natural) Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis Alzheimer Disease - physiopathology Alzheimer's disease Analysis Biological markers Biology and Life Sciences Biomarkers Brain - physiopathology Clinical medicine Cognition & reasoning Cognition disorders Cognitive ability Cognitive Dysfunction - diagnosis Cognitive Dysfunction - physiopathology Complications and side effects Dementia Diagnosis Diffusion rate Disease Progression Distribution functions EEG Electroencephalography Female Frequencies Humans Magnetic resonance imaging Male Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Neurodegenerative diseases Neuropsychological Tests Pathology Probability distribution Probability distribution functions Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Signs and symptoms Social Sciences Statistical analysis Therapeutic applications Young Adult United States United States > US Massachusetts California
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract	In this paper, we explore the utility of resting-state EEG measures as potential biomarkers for the detection and assessment of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neurophysiological biomarkers of AD derived from EEG and FDG-PET, once characterized and validated, would expand the set of existing diagnostic molecular biomarkers of AD pathology with associated biomarkers of disease progression and neural dysfunction. Since symptoms of AD often begin to appear later in life, successful identification of EEG-based biomarkers must account for age-related neurophysiological changes that occur even in healthy individuals. To this end, we collected EEG data from individuals with AD (n = 26), MCI (n = 53), and cognitively normal healthy controls stratified by age into three groups: 18–40 (n = 129), 40–60 (n = 62) and 60–90 (= 55) years old. For each participant, we computed power spectral density at each channel and spectral coherence between pairs of channels. Compared to age matched controls, in the AD group, we found increases in both spectral power and coherence at the slower frequencies (Delta, Theta). A smaller but significant increase in power of slow frequencies was observed for the MCI group, localized to temporal areas. These effects on slow frequency spectral power opposed that of normal aging observed by a decrease in the power of slow frequencies in our control groups. The AD group showed a significant decrease in the spectral power and coherence in the Alpha band consistent with the same effect in normal aging. However, the MCI group did not show any significant change in the Alpha band. Overall, Theta to Alpha ratio (TAR) provided the largest and most significant differences between the AD group and controls. However, differences in the MCI group remained small and localized. We proposed a novel method to quantify these small differences between Theta and Alpha bands’ power using empirically derived distributions of spectral power across the time domain as opposed to averaging power across time. We defined Power Distribution Distance Measure (PDDM) as a distance measure between probability distribution functions (pdf) of Theta and Alpha power. Compared to average TAR, using PDDF enhanced the statistical significance, the effect size, and the spatial distribution of significant effects in the MCI group. We designed classifiers for differentiating individual MCI and AD participants from age-matched controls. The classification performance measured by the area under ROC curve after cross-validation were AUC = 0.85 and AUC = 0.6, for AD and MCI classifiers, respectively. Posterior probability of AD, TAR, and the proposed PDDM measure were all significantly correlated with MMSE score and neuropsychological tests in the AD group.
AbstractList	Pathophysiological neural processes underlying the Alzheimer’s disease are believed to precede the overt presentation of clinical symptoms by decades [4,5]. [...]there is an important need for biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease to characterize and monitor both natural progression of the disease and potential therapeutic interventions. According to recent reviews [11,12,14,28], the most commonly reported resting-state EEG findings that distinguish participants with AD or MCI from unimpaired control subjects are diffused slowing of the EEG i.e. increased power in lower frequency bands. [...]the changes in Delta and Theta power due to AD are in direct contrast with those associated with healthy aging. [...]we proposed a novel method based on the statistical distribution of quantified EEG measures across a session, i.e. the empirical probability distribution function. In this paper, we explore the utility of resting-state EEG measures as potential biomarkers for the detection and assessment of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurophysiological biomarkers of AD derived from EEG and FDG-PET, once characterized and validated, would expand the set of existing diagnostic molecular biomarkers of AD pathology with associated biomarkers of disease progression and neural dysfunction. Since symptoms of AD often begin to appear later in life, successful identification of EEG-based biomarkers must account for age-related neurophysiological changes that occur even in healthy individuals. To this end, we collected EEG data from individuals with AD (n = 26), MCI (n = 53), and cognitively normal healthy controls stratified by age into three groups: 18-40 (n = 129), 40-60 (n = 62) and 60-90 (= 55) years old. For each participant, we computed power spectral density at each channel and spectral coherence between pairs of channels. Compared to age matched controls, in the AD group, we found increases in both spectral power and coherence at the slower frequencies (Delta, Theta). A smaller but significant increase in power of slow frequencies was observed for the MCI group, localized to temporal areas. These effects on slow frequency spectral power opposed that of normal aging observed by a decrease in the power of slow frequencies in our control groups. The AD group showed a significant decrease in the spectral power and coherence in the Alpha band consistent with the same effect in normal aging. However, the MCI group did not show any significant change in the Alpha band. Overall, Theta to Alpha ratio (TAR) provided the largest and most significant differences between the AD group and controls. However, differences in the MCI group remained small and localized. We proposed a novel method to quantify these small differences between Theta and Alpha bands' power using empirically derived distributions of spectral power across the time domain as opposed to averaging power across time. We defined Power Distribution Distance Measure (PDDM) as a distance measure between probability distribution functions (pdf) of Theta and Alpha power. Compared to average TAR, using PDDF enhanced the statistical significance, the effect size, and the spatial distribution of significant effects in the MCI group. We designed classifiers for differentiating individual MCI and AD participants from age-matched controls. The classification performance measured by the area under ROC curve after cross-validation were AUC = 0.85 and AUC = 0.6, for AD and MCI classifiers, respectively. Posterior probability of AD, TAR, and the proposed PDDM measure were all significantly correlated with MMSE score and neuropsychological tests in the AD group. In this paper, we explore the utility of resting-state EEG measures as potential biomarkers for the detection and assessment of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurophysiological biomarkers of AD derived from EEG and FDG-PET, once characterized and validated, would expand the set of existing diagnostic molecular biomarkers of AD pathology with associated biomarkers of disease progression and neural dysfunction. Since symptoms of AD often begin to appear later in life, successful identification of EEG-based biomarkers must account for age-related neurophysiological changes that occur even in healthy individuals. To this end, we collected EEG data from individuals with AD (n = 26), MCI (n = 53), and cognitively normal healthy controls stratified by age into three groups: 18-40 (n = 129), 40-60 (n = 62) and 60-90 (= 55) years old. For each participant, we computed power spectral density at each channel and spectral coherence between pairs of channels. Compared to age matched controls, in the AD group, we found increases in both spectral power and coherence at the slower frequencies (Delta, Theta). A smaller but significant increase in power of slow frequencies was observed for the MCI group, localized to temporal areas. These effects on slow frequency spectral power opposed that of normal aging observed by a decrease in the power of slow frequencies in our control groups. The AD group showed a significant decrease in the spectral power and coherence in the Alpha band consistent with the same effect in normal aging. However, the MCI group did not show any significant change in the Alpha band. Overall, Theta to Alpha ratio (TAR) provided the largest and most significant differences between the AD group and controls. However, differences in the MCI group remained small and localized. We proposed a novel method to quantify these small differences between Theta and Alpha bands' power using empirically derived distributions of spectral power across the time domain as opposed to averaging power across time. We defined Power Distribution Distance Measure (PDDM) as a distance measure between probability distribution functions (pdf) of Theta and Alpha power. Compared to average TAR, using PDDF enhanced the statistical significance, the effect size, and the spatial distribution of significant effects in the MCI group. We designed classifiers for differentiating individual MCI and AD participants from age-matched controls. The classification performance measured by the area under ROC curve after cross-validation were AUC = 0.85 and AUC = 0.6, for AD and MCI classifiers, respectively. Posterior probability of AD, TAR, and the proposed PDDM measure were all significantly correlated with MMSE score and neuropsychological tests in the AD group.In this paper, we explore the utility of resting-state EEG measures as potential biomarkers for the detection and assessment of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurophysiological biomarkers of AD derived from EEG and FDG-PET, once characterized and validated, would expand the set of existing diagnostic molecular biomarkers of AD pathology with associated biomarkers of disease progression and neural dysfunction. Since symptoms of AD often begin to appear later in life, successful identification of EEG-based biomarkers must account for age-related neurophysiological changes that occur even in healthy individuals. To this end, we collected EEG data from individuals with AD (n = 26), MCI (n = 53), and cognitively normal healthy controls stratified by age into three groups: 18-40 (n = 129), 40-60 (n = 62) and 60-90 (= 55) years old. For each participant, we computed power spectral density at each channel and spectral coherence between pairs of channels. Compared to age matched controls, in the AD group, we found increases in both spectral power and coherence at the slower frequencies (Delta, Theta). A smaller but significant increase in power of slow frequencies was observed for the MCI group, localized to temporal areas. These effects on slow frequency spectral power opposed that of normal aging observed by a decrease in the power of slow frequencies in our control groups. The AD group showed a significant decrease in the spectral power and coherence in the Alpha band consistent with the same effect in normal aging. However, the MCI group did not show any significant change in the Alpha band. Overall, Theta to Alpha ratio (TAR) provided the largest and most significant differences between the AD group and controls. However, differences in the MCI group remained small and localized. We proposed a novel method to quantify these small differences between Theta and Alpha bands' power using empirically derived distributions of spectral power across the time domain as opposed to averaging power across time. We defined Power Distribution Distance Measure (PDDM) as a distance measure between probability distribution functions (pdf) of Theta and Alpha power. Compared to average TAR, using PDDF enhanced the statistical significance, the effect size, and the spatial distribution of significant effects in the MCI group. We designed classifiers for differentiating individual MCI and AD participants from age-matched controls. The classification performance measured by the area under ROC curve after cross-validation were AUC = 0.85 and AUC = 0.6, for AD and MCI classifiers, respectively. Posterior probability of AD, TAR, and the proposed PDDM measure were all significantly correlated with MMSE score and neuropsychological tests in the AD group. Pathophysiological neural processes underlying the Alzheimer’s disease are believed to precede the overt presentation of clinical symptoms by decades [4,5]. [...]there is an important need for biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease to characterize and monitor both natural progression of the disease and potential therapeutic interventions. According to recent reviews [11,12,14,28], the most commonly reported resting-state EEG findings that distinguish participants with AD or MCI from unimpaired control subjects are diffused slowing of the EEG i.e. increased power in lower frequency bands. [...]the changes in Delta and Theta power due to AD are in direct contrast with those associated with healthy aging. [...]we proposed a novel method based on the statistical distribution of quantified EEG measures across a session, i.e. the empirical probability distribution function.
Audience	Academic
Author	McConnell, Marissa Rupp, Greg Meghdadi, Amir H. Salat, David Berka, Chris Richard, Christian Stevanović Karić, Marija Hamilton, Joanne
AuthorAffiliation	Nathan S Kline Institute, UNITED STATES 1 Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc., Carlsbad, CA, United States of America 4 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America 5 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America 3 Advanced Neurobehavioral Health of Southern California, San Diego, CA, United States of America 2 University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 Advanced Neurobehavioral Health of Southern California, San Diego, CA, United States of America – name: 2 University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America – name: 4 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America – name: 5 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America – name: Nathan S Kline Institute, UNITED STATES – name: 1 Advanced Brain Monitoring Inc., Carlsbad, CA, United States of America
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Amir H. orcidid: 0000-0001-7863-6488 surname: Meghdadi fullname: Meghdadi, Amir H. – sequence: 2 givenname: Marija surname: Stevanović Karić fullname: Stevanović Karić, Marija – sequence: 3 givenname: Marissa surname: McConnell fullname: McConnell, Marissa – sequence: 4 givenname: Greg surname: Rupp fullname: Rupp, Greg – sequence: 5 givenname: Christian surname: Richard fullname: Richard, Christian – sequence: 6 givenname: Joanne surname: Hamilton fullname: Hamilton, Joanne – sequence: 7 givenname: David surname: Salat fullname: Salat, David – sequence: 8 givenname: Chris surname: Berka fullname: Berka, Chris
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33544703$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science 2021 Meghdadi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2021 Meghdadi et al 2021 Meghdadi et al
Copyright_xml	– notice: COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science – notice: 2021 Meghdadi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2021 Meghdadi et al 2021 Meghdadi et al
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Competing Interests: AM, MSK, MM, GR, CR and CB are employees of Advanced Brain Monitoring. Chris Berka is co-founder and shareholder of Advanced Brain Monitoring. Advanced Brain Monitoring is a commercial medical device manufacturer specializing in the acquisition and analysis of EEG during wake and sleep. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
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Snippet	In this paper, we explore the utility of resting-state EEG measures as potential biomarkers for the detection and assessment of cognitive decline in mild... Pathophysiological neural processes underlying the Alzheimer’s disease are believed to precede the overt presentation of clinical symptoms by decades [4,5]....
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Aging (natural) Alzheimer Disease - diagnosis Alzheimer Disease - physiopathology Alzheimer's disease Analysis Biological markers Biology and Life Sciences Biomarkers Brain - physiopathology Clinical medicine Cognition & reasoning Cognition disorders Cognitive ability Cognitive Dysfunction - diagnosis Cognitive Dysfunction - physiopathology Complications and side effects Dementia Diagnosis Diffusion rate Disease Progression Distribution functions EEG Electroencephalography Female Frequencies Humans Magnetic resonance imaging Male Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Neurodegenerative diseases Neuropsychological Tests Pathology Probability distribution Probability distribution functions Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Signs and symptoms Social Sciences Statistical analysis Therapeutic applications Young Adult
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Title	Resting state EEG biomarkers of cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment
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