First Assessment of the Sex Ratio for an East Pacific Green Sea Turtle Foraging Aggregation: Validation and Application of a Testosterone ELISA

Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management, particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination. Sea turtle sex is determined by incubation temperature and individuals lack external sex-based traits u...

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Vydané v:	PloS one Ročník 10; číslo 10; s. e0138861
Hlavní autori:	Allen, Camryn D., Robbins, Michelle N., Eguchi, Tomoharu, Owens, David W., Meylan, Anne B., Meylan, Peter A., Kellar, Nicholas M., Schwenter, Jeffrey A., Nollens, Hendrik H., LeRoux, Robin A., Dutton, Peter H., Seminoff, Jeffrey A.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States Public Library of Science 14.10.2015 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Predmet:	Agglomeration Animal Distribution - physiology Animals Aquatic reptiles Bayes Theorem Bayesian analysis California Caretta caretta Chelonia Chelonia mydas Chelydra serpentina Climate change Comparative analysis Conservation Demography Dermochelys coriacea Embryos Endangered populations Endangered Species Endocrinology Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - standards Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary Eretmochelys imbricata Female Females Fisheries Green turtle Laparoscopy Male Males Marine mammals Mathematical models Physiological aspects Radioimmunoassay Reptiles & amphibians Science Sea turtles Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Sex determination Sex Determination Processes - physiology Sex Ratio Sexes Sexing Sexual maturity Species Temperature Temperature dependence Testosterone Testosterone - blood Turtles - physiology Wildlife Wildlife conservation Wildlife management California United States La Jolla California United States > US Malaysia Australia Florida South Carolina Great Barrier Reef
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract	Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management, particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination. Sea turtle sex is determined by incubation temperature and individuals lack external sex-based traits until sexual maturity. Previous research utilized serum/plasma testosterone radioimmunoassays (RIA) to determine sex in immature/juvenile sea turtles. However, there has been a growing application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for wildlife endocrinology studies, but no study on sea turtles has compared the results of ELISA and RIA. This study provides the first sex ratio for a threatened East Pacific green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging aggregation, a critical step for future management of this species. Here, we validate a testosterone ELISA and compare results between RIA and ELISA of duplicate samples. The ELISA demonstrated excellent correspondence with the RIA for providing testosterone concentrations for sex determination. Neither assay proved reliable for predicting the sex of reproductively active females with increased testosterone production. We then applied ELISA to examine the sex ratio of 69 green turtles foraging in San Diego Bay, California. Of 45 immature turtles sampled, sex could not be determined for three turtles because testosterone concentrations fell between the ranges for either sex (females: 4.1-113.1 pg/mL, males: 198.4-2,613.0 pg/mL) and these turtles were not subsequently recaptured to enable sex determination; using a Bayesian model to predict probabilities of turtle sex we predicted all three 'unknowns' were female (> 0.86). Additionally, the model assigned all turtles with their correct sex (if determined at recapture) with 100% accuracy. Results indicated a female bias (2.83F:1M) among all turtles in the aggregation; when focusing only on putative immature turtles the sex ratio was 3.5F:1M. With appropriate validation, ELISA sexing could be applied to other sea turtle species, and serve as a crucial conservation tool.
AbstractList	Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management, particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination. Sea turtle sex is determined by incubation temperature and individuals lack external sex-based traits until sexual maturity. Previous research utilized serum/plasma testosterone radioimmunoassays (RIA) to determine sex in immature/juvenile sea turtles. However, there has been a growing application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for wildlife endocrinology studies, but no study on sea turtles has compared the results of ELISA and RIA. This study provides the first sex ratio for a threatened East Pacific green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging aggregation, a critical step for future management of this species. Here, we validate a testosterone ELISA and compare results between RIA and ELISA of duplicate samples. The ELISA demonstrated excellent correspondence with the RIA for providing testosterone concentrations for sex determination. Neither assay proved reliable for predicting the sex of reproductively active females with increased testosterone production. We then applied ELISA to examine the sex ratio of 69 green turtles foraging in San Diego Bay, California. Of 45 immature turtles sampled, sex could not be determined for three turtles because testosterone concentrations fell between the ranges for either sex (females: 4.1-113.1 pg/mL, males: 198.4-2,613.0 pg/mL) and these turtles were not subsequently recaptured to enable sex determination; using a Bayesian model to predict probabilities of turtle sex we predicted all three 'unknowns' were female (> 0.86). Additionally, the model assigned all turtles with their correct sex (if determined at recapture) with 100% accuracy. Results indicated a female bias (2.83F:1M) among all turtles in the aggregation; when focusing only on putative immature turtles the sex ratio was 3.5F:1M. With appropriate validation, ELISA sexing could be applied to other sea turtle species, and serve as a crucial conservation tool.Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management, particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination. Sea turtle sex is determined by incubation temperature and individuals lack external sex-based traits until sexual maturity. Previous research utilized serum/plasma testosterone radioimmunoassays (RIA) to determine sex in immature/juvenile sea turtles. However, there has been a growing application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for wildlife endocrinology studies, but no study on sea turtles has compared the results of ELISA and RIA. This study provides the first sex ratio for a threatened East Pacific green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging aggregation, a critical step for future management of this species. Here, we validate a testosterone ELISA and compare results between RIA and ELISA of duplicate samples. The ELISA demonstrated excellent correspondence with the RIA for providing testosterone concentrations for sex determination. Neither assay proved reliable for predicting the sex of reproductively active females with increased testosterone production. We then applied ELISA to examine the sex ratio of 69 green turtles foraging in San Diego Bay, California. Of 45 immature turtles sampled, sex could not be determined for three turtles because testosterone concentrations fell between the ranges for either sex (females: 4.1-113.1 pg/mL, males: 198.4-2,613.0 pg/mL) and these turtles were not subsequently recaptured to enable sex determination; using a Bayesian model to predict probabilities of turtle sex we predicted all three 'unknowns' were female (> 0.86). Additionally, the model assigned all turtles with their correct sex (if determined at recapture) with 100% accuracy. Results indicated a female bias (2.83F:1M) among all turtles in the aggregation; when focusing only on putative immature turtles the sex ratio was 3.5F:1M. With appropriate validation, ELISA sexing could be applied to other sea turtle species, and serve as a crucial conservation tool. Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management, particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination. Sea turtle sex is determined by incubation temperature and individuals lack external sex-based traits until sexual maturity. Previous research utilized serum/plasma testosterone radioimmunoassays (RIA) to determine sex in immature/juvenile sea turtles. However, there has been a growing application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for wildlife endocrinology studies, but no study on sea turtles has compared the results of ELISA and RIA. This study provides the first sex ratio for a threatened East Pacific green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging aggregation, a critical step for future management of this species. Here, we validate a testosterone ELISA and compare results between RIA and ELISA of duplicate samples. The ELISA demonstrated excellent correspondence with the RIA for providing testosterone concentrations for sex determination. Neither assay proved reliable for predicting the sex of reproductively active females with increased testosterone production. We then applied ELISA to examine the sex ratio of 69 green turtles foraging in San Diego Bay, California. Of 45 immature turtles sampled, sex could not be determined for three turtles because testosterone concentrations fell between the ranges for either sex (females: 4.1–113.1 pg/mL, males: 198.4–2,613.0 pg/mL) and these turtles were not subsequently recaptured to enable sex determination; using a Bayesian model to predict probabilities of turtle sex we predicted all three ‘unknowns’ were female (> 0.86). Additionally, the model assigned all turtles with their correct sex (if determined at recapture) with 100% accuracy. Results indicated a female bias (2.83F:1M) among all turtles in the aggregation; when focusing only on putative immature turtles the sex ratio was 3.5F:1M. With appropriate validation, ELISA sexing could be applied to other sea turtle species, and serve as a crucial conservation tool.
Audience	Academic
Author	Allen, Camryn D. Robbins, Michelle N. Eguchi, Tomoharu LeRoux, Robin A. Owens, David W. Kellar, Nicholas M. Schwenter, Jeffrey A. Dutton, Peter H. Meylan, Anne B. Meylan, Peter A. Seminoff, Jeffrey A. Nollens, Hendrik H.
AuthorAffiliation	2 Grice Marine Lab, University of Charleston South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America 3 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America 1 Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America 5 Veterinary Services, SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America Sonoma State University, UNITED STATES 4 Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America – name: 5 Veterinary Services, SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America – name: 4 Natural Sciences, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America – name: 2 Grice Marine Lab, University of Charleston South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America – name: 1 Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America – name: Sonoma State University, UNITED STATES
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Camryn D. surname: Allen fullname: Allen, Camryn D. – sequence: 2 givenname: Michelle N. surname: Robbins fullname: Robbins, Michelle N. – sequence: 3 givenname: Tomoharu surname: Eguchi fullname: Eguchi, Tomoharu – sequence: 4 givenname: David W. surname: Owens fullname: Owens, David W. – sequence: 5 givenname: Anne B. surname: Meylan fullname: Meylan, Anne B. – sequence: 6 givenname: Peter A. surname: Meylan fullname: Meylan, Peter A. – sequence: 7 givenname: Nicholas M. surname: Kellar fullname: Kellar, Nicholas M. – sequence: 8 givenname: Jeffrey A. surname: Schwenter fullname: Schwenter, Jeffrey A. – sequence: 9 givenname: Hendrik H. surname: Nollens fullname: Nollens, Hendrik H. – sequence: 10 givenname: Robin A. surname: LeRoux fullname: LeRoux, Robin A. – sequence: 11 givenname: Peter H. surname: Dutton fullname: Dutton, Peter H. – sequence: 12 givenname: Jeffrey A. surname: Seminoff fullname: Seminoff, Jeffrey A.
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26465620$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: CDA. Performed the experiments: CDA MNR J. A. Schwenter. Analyzed the data: CDA MNR TE NMK J. A. Schwenter. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TE DWO ABM PAM NMK J. A. Schwenter HHN PHD. Wrote the paper: CDA MNR TE DWO ABM PAM NMK J. A. Schwenter HHN RAL PHD J. A. Seminoff. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Snippet	Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management, particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit...
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SubjectTerms	Agglomeration Animal Distribution - physiology Animals Aquatic reptiles Bayes Theorem Bayesian analysis California Caretta caretta Chelonia Chelonia mydas Chelydra serpentina Climate change Comparative analysis Conservation Demography Dermochelys coriacea Embryos Endangered populations Endangered Species Endocrinology Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - standards Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - veterinary Eretmochelys imbricata Female Females Fisheries Green turtle Laparoscopy Male Males Marine mammals Mathematical models Physiological aspects Radioimmunoassay Reptiles & amphibians Science Sea turtles Sensitivity and Specificity Sex Sex determination Sex Determination Processes - physiology Sex Ratio Sexes Sexing Sexual maturity Species Temperature Temperature dependence Testosterone Testosterone - blood Turtles - physiology Wildlife Wildlife conservation Wildlife management
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Title	First Assessment of the Sex Ratio for an East Pacific Green Sea Turtle Foraging Aggregation: Validation and Application of a Testosterone ELISA
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26465620 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1722167579 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1722927594 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4605721 https://doaj.org/article/8c0dfbde052f4cddb7cab6495fd29a41 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138861
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