Association of Educational, Occupational and Socioeconomic Status with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Asian Indians: A Cross-Sectional Study

To determine correlation of multiple parameters of socioeconomic status with cardiovascular risk factors in India. The study was performed at eleven cities using cluster sampling. Subjects (n = 6198, men 3426, women 2772) were evaluated for socioeconomic, demographic, biophysical and biochemical fac...

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Published in:PloS one Vol. 7; no. 8; p. e44098
Main Authors: Gupta, Rajeev, Deedwania, Prakash C., Sharma, Krishnakumar, Gupta, Arvind, Guptha, Soneil, Achari, Vijay, Asirvatham, Arthur J., Bhansali, Anil, Gupta, Balkishan, Gupta, Sunil, Jali, Mallikarjuna V., Mahanta, Tulika G., Maheshwari, Anuj, Saboo, Banshi, Singh, Jitendra, Gupta, Rajiv
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 29.08.2012
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:
Academic achievement
Adult
Aged
Asian Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data
Asians
Blood pressure
Body fat
Body weight
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology
Cholesterol
Chronic illnesses
Clustering
Cohort Studies
Confidence intervals
Correlation analysis
Cross-Sectional Studies
Demographics
Demography
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Diet
Education
Educational aspects
Educational attainment
Educational Status
Epidemiology
Exercise
Female
Gender differences
Health risk assessment
Health risks
Healthy food
High density lipoprotein
High fat diet
Hip
Humans
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension
Hypertriglyceridemia
India - epidemiology
Life Style
Male
Medicine
Metabolic disorders
Metabolic syndrome
Middle Aged
Mortality
Obesity
Occupations - statistics & numerical data
Odds Ratio
Overweight
Physical activity
Physical fitness
Prevalence
Risk analysis
Risk Factors
Sampling
Smoking
Social Class
Social classes
Socioeconomic factors
Socioeconomic status
Socioeconomics
Statistical analysis
Tobacco
Triglycerides
Vegetables
Waist to hip ratio
India
United States > US
California
ISSN:1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Summary:To determine correlation of multiple parameters of socioeconomic status with cardiovascular risk factors in India. The study was performed at eleven cities using cluster sampling. Subjects (n = 6198, men 3426, women 2772) were evaluated for socioeconomic, demographic, biophysical and biochemical factors. They were classified into low, medium and high socioeconomic groups based on educational level (<10, 10-15 and >15 yr formal education), occupational class and socioeconomic scale. Risk factor differences were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Age-adjusted prevalence (%) of risk factors in men and women was overweight or obesity in 41.1 and 45.2, obesity 8.3 and 15.8, high waist circumference 35.7 and 57.5, high waist-hip ratio 69.0 and 83.8, hypertension 32.5 and 30.4, hypercholesterolemia 24.8 and 25.3, low HDL cholesterol 34.1 and 35.1, high triglycerides 41.2 and 31.5, diabetes 16.7 and 14.4 and metabolic syndrome in 32.2 and 40.4 percent. Lifestyle factors were smoking 12.0 and 0.5, other tobacco use 12.7 and 6.3, high fat intake 51.2 and 48.2, low fruits/vegetables intake 25.3 and 28.9, and physical inactivity in 38.8 and 46.1%. Prevalence of > = 3 risk factors was significantly greater in low (28.0%) vs. middle (23.9%) or high (22.1%) educational groups (p<0.01). In low vs. high educational groups there was greater prevalence of high waist-hip ratio (odds ratio 2.18, confidence interval 1.65-2.71), low HDL cholesterol (1.51, 1.27-1.80), hypertriglyceridemia (1.16, 0.99-1.37), smoking/tobacco use (3.27, 2.66-4.01), and low physical activity (1.15, 0.97-1.37); and lower prevalence of high fat diet (0.47, 0.38-0.57),overweight/obesity (0.68, 0.58-0.80) and hypercholesterolemia (0.79, 0.66-0.94). Similar associations were observed with occupational and socioeconomic status. Low educational, occupational and socioeconomic status Asian Indians have greater prevalence of truncal obesity, low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, smoking or tobacco use and low physical activity and clustering of > = 3 major cardiovascular risk factors.
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Conceived and designed the experiments: Rajeev Gupta PCD AG. Performed the experiments: AG VA AJA AB BG SG MVJ TGM AM BS JS. Analyzed the data: KS SG Rajeev Gupta. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KS SG. Wrote the paper: Rajeev Gupta PCD Rajiv Gupta.
Competing Interests: One of the authors, Dr. Banshi Saboo, is employed in a commercial company that runs his clinic (DiaCare and Research). This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0044098