The role of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis: from molecular pathophysiology to in vivo imaging

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but the exact cause still remains unidentified. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), vitamin D,...

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Vydáno v:	Neural regeneration research Ročník 14; číslo 3; s. 373 - 386
Hlavní autoři:	Guan, Yi, Jakimovski, Dejan, Ramanathan, Murali, Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca, Zivadinov, Robert
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	India Wolters Kluwer India Pvt. Ltd 01.03.2019 Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA%Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA%Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA%Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
Témata:	Antigen presentation B cells Blood-brain barrier Brain Central nervous system Cytotoxicity Diagnosis Disease control Disease prevention Epstein-Barr virus Epstein-Barr virus; multiple sclerosis; meningeal inflammation; magnetic resonance imaging; leptomeningeal contrast enhancement; mononucleosis; human endogeneous retrovirus-W; B-cells Gene expression Genetic aspects Hypotheses Immunoglobulins Infections Infectious mononucleosis Inflammation Monoclonal antibodies Mononucleosis Multiple sclerosis Nervous system Neurons Pathogenesis Permeability Review Viruses Vitamin D Vitamins B-cells magnetic resonance imaging meningeal inflammation leptomeningeal contrast enhancement human endogeneous retrovirus-W mononucleosis multiple sclerosis Epstein-Barr virus
ISSN:	1673-5374, 1876-7958
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Shrnutí:	Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but the exact cause still remains unidentified. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. EBV may also contribute to MS pathogenesis indirectly by activating silent human endogenous retrovirus-W. The emerging B-cell depleting therapies, particularly anti-CD20 agents such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, as well as the fully human ofatumumab, have shown promising clinical and magnetic resonance imaging benefit. One potential effect of these therapies is the depletion of memory B-cells, the primary reservoir site where EBV latency occurs. In addition, EBV potentially interacts with both genetic and other environmental factors to increase susceptibility and disease severity of MS. This review examines the role of EBV in MS pathophysiology and summarizes the recent clinical and radiological findings, with a focus on B-cells and in vivo imaging. Addressing the potential link between EBV and MS allows the better understanding of MS pathogenesis and helps to identify additional disease biomarkers that may be responsive to B-cell depleting intervention.
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 Author contributions: Literature search, manuscript drafting or manuscript revision for important intellectual content: YG, DJ, MR, BWG, RZ. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
ISSN:	1673-5374 1876-7958
DOI:	10.4103/1673-5374.245462