Socioeconomic inequalities in physical and mental functioning of Japanese civil servants: Explanations from work and family characteristics
Poor physical and mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those with disadvantaged work and family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work and family character...
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| Published in: | Social science & medicine (1982) Vol. 63; no. 2; pp. 430 - 445 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Oxford
Elsevier Ltd
01.07.2006
Elsevier Pergamon Press Inc |
| Series: | Social Science & Medicine |
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| ISSN: | 0277-9536, 1873-5347 |
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| Abstract | Poor physical and mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those with disadvantaged work and family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work and family characteristics. The subjects were 3787 male and female civil servants, aged 20–65, working in a local government on the west coast of Japan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine (1) whether there were employment-grade (SES) differences in poor physical and mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and (2) whether these SES differences were explained by work and family characteristics. In general, low control at work, high demands, low social support, short and long work hours, shift work, being unmarried, high family-to-work conflict and high work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poor physical and mental functioning in both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor physical functioning was 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.38–2.69) in comparison to high-grade employees. The grade difference was mildly attenuated, when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR=1.72)(1.20–2.47). The age-adjusted OR of the low-grade employees for poor mental functioning was 1.88 (1.29–2.74). The grade difference was attenuated and no longer significant when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR=1.51)(0.99–2.31). Among women, there were no significant grade-differences in poor physical and mental functioning. Although longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal nature of these associations, improvements in SES differences in work and family characteristics may be important for reducing SES inequalities in physical and mental functioning among Japanese men. The different patterns of SES inequalities in health between men and women deserve further research. |
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| AbstractList | Poor physical and mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those with disadvantaged work and family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work and family characteristics. The subjects were 3787 male and female civil servants, aged 20-65, working in a local government on the west coast of Japan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine (1) whether there were employment-grade (SES) differences in poor physical and mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and (2) whether these SES differences were explained by work and family characteristics. In general, low control at work, high demands, low social support, short and long work hours, shift work, being unmarried, high family-to-work conflict and high work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poor physical and mental functioning in both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor physical functioning was 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.69) in comparison to high-grade employees. The grade difference was mildly attenuated, when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.72)(1.20-2.47). The age-adjusted OR of the low-grade employees for poor mental functioning was 1.88 (1.29-2.74). The grade difference was attenuated and no longer significant when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.51)(0.99-2.31). Among women, there were no significant grade-differences in poor physical and mental functioning. Although longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal nature of these associations, improvements in SES differences in work and family characteristics may be important for reducing SES inequalities in physical and mental functioning among Japanese men. The different patterns of SES inequalities in health between men and women deserve further research. Poor physical and mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those with disadvantaged work and family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work and family characteristics. The subjects were 3787 male and female civil servants, aged 20-65, working in a local government on the west coast of Japan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine (1) whether there were employment-grade (SES) differences in poor physical and mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and (2) whether these SES differences were explained by work and family characteristics. In general, low control at work, high demands, low social support, short and long work hours, shift work, being unmarried, high family-to-work conflict and high work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poor physical and mental functioning in both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor physical functioning was 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.69) in comparison to high-grade employees. The grade difference was mildly attenuated, when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.72)(1.20-2.47). The age-adjusted OR of the low-grade employees for poor mental functioning was 1.88 (1.29-2.74). The grade difference was attenuated and no longer significant when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.51)(0.99-2.31). Among women, there were no significant grade-differences in poor physical and mental functioning. Although longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal nature of these associations, improvements in SES differences in work and family characteristics may be important for reducing SES inequalities in physical and mental functioning among Japanese men. The different patterns of SES inequalities in health between men and women deserve further research.Poor physical and mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those with disadvantaged work and family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work and family characteristics. The subjects were 3787 male and female civil servants, aged 20-65, working in a local government on the west coast of Japan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine (1) whether there were employment-grade (SES) differences in poor physical and mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and (2) whether these SES differences were explained by work and family characteristics. In general, low control at work, high demands, low social support, short and long work hours, shift work, being unmarried, high family-to-work conflict and high work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poor physical and mental functioning in both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor physical functioning was 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.69) in comparison to high-grade employees. The grade difference was mildly attenuated, when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.72)(1.20-2.47). The age-adjusted OR of the low-grade employees for poor mental functioning was 1.88 (1.29-2.74). The grade difference was attenuated and no longer significant when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR = 1.51)(0.99-2.31). Among women, there were no significant grade-differences in poor physical and mental functioning. Although longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal nature of these associations, improvements in SES differences in work and family characteristics may be important for reducing SES inequalities in physical and mental functioning among Japanese men. The different patterns of SES inequalities in health between men and women deserve further research. Poor physical and mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) and those with disadvantaged work and family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work and family characteristics. The subjects were 3787 male and female civil servants, aged 20-65, working in a local government on the west coast of Japan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine (1) whether there were employment-grade (SES) differences in poor physical and mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and (2) whether these SES differences were explained by work and family characteristics. In general, low control at work, high demands, low social support, short and long work hours, shift work, being unmarried, high family-to-work conflict and high work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poor physical and mental functioning in both men and women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor physical functioning was 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.69) in comparison to high-grade employees. The grade difference was mildly attenuated, when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR=1.72)(1.20-2.47). The age-adjusted OR of the low-grade employees for poor mental functioning was 1.88 (1.29-2.74). The grade difference was attenuated and no longer significant when adjusted for work and family characteristics (OR=1.51)(0.99-2.31). Among women, there were no significant grade-differences in poor physical and mental functioning. Although longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal nature of these associations, improvements in SES differences in work and family characteristics may be important for reducing SES inequalities in physical and mental functioning among Japanese men. The different patterns of SES inequalities in health between men and women deserve further research. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Poor physical & mental functioning is more common among people of low socioeconomic status (SES) & those with disadvantaged work & family characteristics. This study aims to clarify whether the SES inequalities in functioning can be explained by the SES differences in work & family characteristics. The subjects were 3787 male & female civil servants, aged 20-65, working in a local government on the west coast of Japan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine (1) whether there were employment-grade (SES) differences in poor physical & mental functioning as measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) & (2) whether these SES differences were explained by work & family characteristics. In general, low control at work, high demands, low social support, short & long work hours, shift work, being unmarried, high family-to-work conflict & high work-to-family conflict were independently associated with poor physical & mental functioning in both men & women. In men, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of low-grade employees for poor physical functioning was 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.69) in comparison to high-grade employees. The grade difference was mildly attenuated, when adjusted for work & family characteristics (OR=1.72)(1.20-2.47). The age-adjusted OR of the low-grade employees for poor mental functioning was 1.88 (1.29-2.74). The grade difference was attenuated & no longer significant when adjusted for work & family characteristics (OR=1.51)(0.99-2.31). Among women, there were no significant grade-differences in poor physical & mental functioning. Although longitudinal research is necessary to clarify the causal nature of these associations, improvements in SES differences in work & family characteristics may be important for reducing SES inequalities in physical & mental functioning among Japanese men. The different patterns of SES inequalities in health between men & women deserve further research. Tables, References. [Copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd.] |
| Author | Chandola, Tarani Marmot, Michael Sekine, Michikazu Martikainen, Pekka Kagamimori, Sadanobu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Michikazu surname: Sekine fullname: Sekine, Michikazu email: sekine@ms.toyama-mpu.ac.jp organization: Department of Welfare Promotion and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan – sequence: 2 givenname: Tarani surname: Chandola fullname: Chandola, Tarani email: t.chandola@ucl.ac.uk organization: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Pekka surname: Martikainen fullname: Martikainen, Pekka email: pmartika@mappi.helsinki.fi organization: Department of Sociology, Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Finland – sequence: 4 givenname: Michael surname: Marmot fullname: Marmot, Michael email: m.marmot@ucl.ac.uk organization: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Sadanobu surname: Kagamimori fullname: Kagamimori, Sadanobu email: skagami@toyama-mpu.ac.jp organization: Department of Welfare Promotion and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan |
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| Keywords | Short form 36 (SF-36) Japan The British civil servants study The whitehall II study Socioeconomic status (SES) Gender The JACS study Psychosocial factors Socioeconomic status Family study Socioeconomics Quality of life Physical fitness Family environment Social medicine Economic aspect Civil servant Social aspect Public health Inequality |
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| Title | Socioeconomic inequalities in physical and mental functioning of Japanese civil servants: Explanations from work and family characteristics |
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