Autophagy regulates UBC9 levels during viral-mediated tumorigenesis

UBC9, the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for SUMOylation, is a key regulator of essential cellular functions and, as such, is frequently altered in cancers. Along these lines, we recently reported that its expression gradually increases during early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated...

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Published in:PLoS pathogens Vol. 13; no. 3; p. e1006262
Main Authors: Mattoscio, Domenico, Casadio, Chiara, Miccolo, Claudia, Maffini, Fausto, Raimondi, Andrea, Tacchetti, Carlo, Gheit, Tarik, Tagliabue, Marta, Galimberti, Viviana E., De Lorenzi, Francesca, Pawlita, Michael, Chiesa, Fausto, Ansarin, Mohssen, Tommasino, Massimo, Chiocca, Susanna
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 01.03.2017
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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ISSN:1553-7374, 1553-7366, 1553-7374
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Abstract UBC9, the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for SUMOylation, is a key regulator of essential cellular functions and, as such, is frequently altered in cancers. Along these lines, we recently reported that its expression gradually increases during early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical lesions transformation. However, a better understanding of how UBC9 is exploited by transforming viral oncoproteins is still needed. In the present study, we show that in human samples HPV drives UBC9 up-regulation also in very early steps of head and neck tumorigenesis, pointing to the important role for UBC9 in the HPV-mediated carcinogenic program. Moreover, using HPV-infected pre-cancerous tissues and primary human keratinocytes as the natural host of the virus, we investigate the pathological meaning and the cellular mechanisms responsible for UBC9 de-regulation in an oncoviral context. Our results show that UBC9 overexpression is promoted by transforming viral proteins to increase host cells' resistance to apoptosis. In addition, ultrastuctural, pharmacological and genetic approaches crucially unveil that UBC9 is physiologically targeted by autophagy in human cells. However, the presence of HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins negatively impacts the autophagic process through selective inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, finally leading to p53 dependent UBC9 accumulation during viral-induced cellular transformation. Therefore, our study elucidates how UBC9 is manipulated by HPV oncoproteins, details the physiological mechanism by which UBC9 is degraded in cells, and identifies how HPV E6/E7 impact on autophagy. These findings point to UBC9 and autophagy as novel hallmarks of HPV oncogenesis, and open innovative avenues towards the treatment of HPV-related malignancies.
AbstractList UBC9, the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for SUMOylation, is a key regulator of essential cellular functions and, as such, is frequently altered in cancers. Along these lines, we recently reported that its expression gradually increases during early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical lesions transformation. However, a better understanding of how UBC9 is exploited by transforming viral oncoproteins is still needed. In the present study, we show that in human samples HPV drives UBC9 up-regulation also in very early steps of head and neck tumorigenesis, pointing to the important role for UBC9 in the HPV-mediated carcinogenic program. Moreover, using HPV-infected pre-cancerous tissues and primary human keratinocytes as the natural host of the virus, we investigate the pathological meaning and the cellular mechanisms responsible for UBC9 de-regulation in an oncoviral context. Our results show that UBC9 overexpression is promoted by transforming viral proteins to increase host cells’ resistance to apoptosis. In addition, ultrastuctural, pharmacological and genetic approaches crucially unveil that UBC9 is physiologically targeted by autophagy in human cells. However, the presence of HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins negatively impacts the autophagic process through selective inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, finally leading to p53 dependent UBC9 accumulation during viral-induced cellular transformation. Therefore, our study elucidates how UBC9 is manipulated by HPV oncoproteins, details the physiological mechanism by which UBC9 is degraded in cells, and identifies how HPV E6/E7 impact on autophagy. These findings point to UBC9 and autophagy as novel hallmarks of HPV oncogenesis, and open innovative avenues towards the treatment of HPV-related malignancies. High risk HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer and in recent years a clear role for the virus in other anogenital malignancies, in head and neck and in nonmelanoma skin cancers is emerging. Cellular transformation is mediated by the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 that have the ability to target several pathways. We recently demonstrated that UBC9, the key enzyme of the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) pathway, is up-regulated during pre-cancerous and cancerous stages of cervical carcinogenesis. In this study, we elucidate the pathological impact and the cellular mechanisms responsible for UBC9 accumulation promoted by HPV in cervical and head and neck pre-cancerous tissues. Indeed, we show that UBC9 is physiologically degraded in cells by autophagy, and that the expression of HPV oncoproteins impairs autophagy finally leading to UBC9 accumulation and apoptosis resistance of infected cells. Our results therefore identify UBC9 and autophagy as important co-factors to prime early stages of HPV-mediated tumorigenesis, and pinpoint novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of carcinogenic HPV infections.
UBC9, the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for SUMOylation, is a key regulator of essential cellular functions and, as such, is frequently altered in cancers. Along these lines, we recently reported that its expression gradually increases during early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical lesions transformation. However, a better understanding of how UBC9 is exploited by transforming viral oncoproteins is still needed. In the present study, we show that in human samples HPV drives UBC9 up-regulation also in very early steps of head and neck tumorigenesis, pointing to the important role for UBC9 in the HPV-mediated carcinogenic program. Moreover, using HPV-infected pre-cancerous tissues and primary human keratinocytes as the natural host of the virus, we investigate the pathological meaning and the cellular mechanisms responsible for UBC9 de-regulation in an oncoviral context. Our results show that UBC9 overexpression is promoted by transforming viral proteins to increase host cells' resistance to apoptosis. In addition, ultrastuctural, pharmacological and genetic approaches crucially unveil that UBC9 is physiologically targeted by autophagy in human cells. However, the presence of HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins negatively impacts the autophagic process through selective inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, finally leading to p53 dependent UBC9 accumulation during viral-induced cellular transformation. Therefore, our study elucidates how UBC9 is manipulated by HPV oncoproteins, details the physiological mechanism by which UBC9 is degraded in cells, and identifies how HPV E6/E7 impact on autophagy. These findings point to UBC9 and autophagy as novel hallmarks of HPV oncogenesis, and open innovative avenues towards the treatment of HPV-related malignancies.
UBC9, the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for SUMOylation, is a key regulator of essential cellular functions and, as such, is frequently altered in cancers. Along these lines, we recently reported that its expression gradually increases during early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical lesions transformation. However, a better understanding of how UBC9 is exploited by transforming viral oncoproteins is still needed. In the present study, we show that in human samples HPV drives UBC9 up-regulation also in very early steps of head and neck tumorigenesis, pointing to the important role for UBC9 in the HPV-mediated carcinogenic program. Moreover, using HPV-infected pre-cancerous tissues and primary human keratinocytes as the natural host of the virus, we investigate the pathological meaning and the cellular mechanisms responsible for UBC9 de-regulation in an oncoviral context. Our results show that UBC9 overexpression is promoted by transforming viral proteins to increase host cells' resistance to apoptosis. In addition, ultrastuctural, pharmacological and genetic approaches crucially unveil that UBC9 is physiologically targeted by autophagy in human cells. However, the presence of HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins negatively impacts the autophagic process through selective inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, finally leading to p53 dependent UBC9 accumulation during viral-induced cellular transformation. Therefore, our study elucidates how UBC9 is manipulated by HPV oncoproteins, details the physiological mechanism by which UBC9 is degraded in cells, and identifies how HPV E6/E7 impact on autophagy. These findings point to UBC9 and autophagy as novel hallmarks of HPV oncogenesis, and open innovative avenues towards the treatment of HPV-related malignancies.UBC9, the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for SUMOylation, is a key regulator of essential cellular functions and, as such, is frequently altered in cancers. Along these lines, we recently reported that its expression gradually increases during early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical lesions transformation. However, a better understanding of how UBC9 is exploited by transforming viral oncoproteins is still needed. In the present study, we show that in human samples HPV drives UBC9 up-regulation also in very early steps of head and neck tumorigenesis, pointing to the important role for UBC9 in the HPV-mediated carcinogenic program. Moreover, using HPV-infected pre-cancerous tissues and primary human keratinocytes as the natural host of the virus, we investigate the pathological meaning and the cellular mechanisms responsible for UBC9 de-regulation in an oncoviral context. Our results show that UBC9 overexpression is promoted by transforming viral proteins to increase host cells' resistance to apoptosis. In addition, ultrastuctural, pharmacological and genetic approaches crucially unveil that UBC9 is physiologically targeted by autophagy in human cells. However, the presence of HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins negatively impacts the autophagic process through selective inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, finally leading to p53 dependent UBC9 accumulation during viral-induced cellular transformation. Therefore, our study elucidates how UBC9 is manipulated by HPV oncoproteins, details the physiological mechanism by which UBC9 is degraded in cells, and identifies how HPV E6/E7 impact on autophagy. These findings point to UBC9 and autophagy as novel hallmarks of HPV oncogenesis, and open innovative avenues towards the treatment of HPV-related malignancies.
Audience Academic
Author Pawlita, Michael
Chiocca, Susanna
Tacchetti, Carlo
Casadio, Chiara
Tommasino, Massimo
Raimondi, Andrea
Mattoscio, Domenico
Ansarin, Mohssen
Galimberti, Viviana E.
De Lorenzi, Francesca
Chiesa, Fausto
Tagliabue, Marta
Maffini, Fausto
Miccolo, Claudia
Gheit, Tarik
AuthorAffiliation 1 European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
3 Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
7 European Institute of Oncology Senology Division, Milan, Italy
5 Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNITED STATES
4 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
2 European Institute of Oncology, Department of Pathology, Milan, Italy
9 Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
6 European Institute of Oncology, Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Milan, Italy
8 European Institute of Oncology, Plastic Surgery Department, Milan, Italy
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28253371$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science
2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Mattoscio D, Casadio C, Miccolo C, Maffini F, Raimondi A, Tacchetti C, et al. (2017) Autophagy regulates UBC9 levels during viral-mediated tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262
2017 Mattoscio et al 2017 Mattoscio et al
2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Mattoscio D, Casadio C, Miccolo C, Maffini F, Raimondi A, Tacchetti C, et al. (2017) Autophagy regulates UBC9 levels during viral-mediated tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2017 Public Library of Science
– notice: 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Mattoscio D, Casadio C, Miccolo C, Maffini F, Raimondi A, Tacchetti C, et al. (2017) Autophagy regulates UBC9 levels during viral-mediated tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262
– notice: 2017 Mattoscio et al 2017 Mattoscio et al
– notice: 2017 Public Library of Science. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Mattoscio D, Casadio C, Miccolo C, Maffini F, Raimondi A, Tacchetti C, et al. (2017) Autophagy regulates UBC9 levels during viral-mediated tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 13(3): e1006262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262
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MP received research funding from cooperation contracts from the DKFZ with Roche and Qiagen. He is inventor and receives royalties on a patent held by DKFZ in the field of molecular diagnostics for infectious disease.
Conceptualization: DM SC.Formal analysis: DM SC.Funding acquisition: FC MP MTo SC.Investigation: DM CC CM FM AR CT TG MP SC.Methodology: DM SC.Project administration: SC.Resources: MTa VEG FDL FC MA SC.Supervision: SC.Validation: DM CM SC.Visualization: DM CC CM FM SC.Writing – original draft: DM SC.Writing – review & editing: DM MTo SC.
ORCID 0000-0002-9721-0850
0000-0002-4720-8306
OpenAccessLink http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262
PMID 28253371
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Snippet UBC9, the sole E2-conjugating enzyme required for SUMOylation, is a key regulator of essential cellular functions and, as such, is frequently altered in...
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StartPage e1006262
SubjectTerms Apoptosis
Autophagy
Autophagy (Cytology)
Autophagy - physiology
Biology and life sciences
Brain cancer
Carcinogens
Care and treatment
Cell cycle
Cell death
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell Transformation, Viral - physiology
Cellular proteins
Cervical cancer
Development and progression
Enzymes
Female
Flow Cytometry
Genetic aspects
Genetic transformation
Head
Head & neck cancer
Head and neck
Health aspects
Human papillomavirus
Humans
Immunoblotting
Immunohistochemistry
Infections
Keratinocytes
Lesions
Medical research
Medicine and Health Sciences
Microscopy, Confocal
Oncogene Proteins, Viral
Oncology
Otolaryngology
p53 Protein
Papillomaviridae - metabolism
Papillomavirus infections
Papillomavirus Infections - metabolism
Papillomavirus Infections - pathology
Pathology
Phagocytosis
Pharmacology
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Proteins
Research and Analysis Methods
Rodents
SUMO protein
Surgery
Tissues
Transduction, Genetic
Transfection
Transformation
Tumorigenesis
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme UBC9
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes - metabolism
Viruses
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Title Autophagy regulates UBC9 levels during viral-mediated tumorigenesis
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006262
Volume 13
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