Disruption of extended defects in solid oxide fuel cell anodes for methane oxidation

Ion out the defects The search for electrochemically active oxides for use in fuel cell anodes has concentrated on materials with low defect concentrations. This is because at high concentrations, interaction between defects can limit the device's performance, a problem that could exclude some...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Nature Jg. 439; H. 7076; S. 568 - 571
Hauptverfasser:	Ruiz-Morales, Juan Carlos, Canales-Vázquez, Jesús, Savaniu, Cristian, Marrero-López, David, Zhou, Wuzong, Irvine, John T. S.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 02.02.2006 Nature Publishing Nature Publishing Group
Schlagworte:	Anodes Applied sciences Carbon Conductivity Electrochemistry Electrodes Energy Energy. Thermal use of fuels Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc Exact sciences and technology Fossil fuels Fuel cells Fuel technology High temperature Humanities and Social Sciences Hydrocarbons Hydrogen Lanthanum letter Low temperature Methane multidisciplinary Oxidation Oxygen Science Science (multidisciplinary) Solid oxide fuel cells Strontium Methane Lanthanum Titanates Quaternary compound Anode Hydrocarbon Oxidation Solid oxide fuel cell Strontium Titanates
ISSN:	0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687, 1476-4679
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
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Abstract	Ion out the defects The search for electrochemically active oxides for use in fuel cell anodes has concentrated on materials with low defect concentrations. This is because at high concentrations, interaction between defects can limit the device's performance, a problem that could exclude some technologically important materials from consideration. A new approach, based on the disruption of the extended defect structure in a lanthanum-doped strontium oxide, provides an alternative route to electrochemical efficiency. The new material achieves impressive device performance and has the potential to lead to more efficient energy extraction by fuel cells from fossil- and carbon-neutral fuels. Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect–defect interactions start to dominate 1 , 2 . Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO 3 ) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 °C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels 3 , 4 , although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date—Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets 5 —suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur 6 , carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels 7 (though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this 8 , 9 ) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels.
AbstractList	Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect-defect interactions start to dominate. Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO3 ) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 'C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels, although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date--Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets--suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur, carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels (though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels. Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect-defect interactions start to dominate. Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO3) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 degrees C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels, although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date--Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets--suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur, carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels (though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels. Ion out the defects The search for electrochemically active oxides for use in fuel cell anodes has concentrated on materials with low defect concentrations. This is because at high concentrations, interaction between defects can limit the device's performance, a problem that could exclude some technologically important materials from consideration. A new approach, based on the disruption of the extended defect structure in a lanthanum-doped strontium oxide, provides an alternative route to electrochemical efficiency. The new material achieves impressive device performance and has the potential to lead to more efficient energy extraction by fuel cells from fossil- and carbon-neutral fuels. Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect–defect interactions start to dominate 1 , 2 . Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO 3 ) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 °C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels 3 , 4 , although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date—Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets 5 —suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur 6 , carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels 7 (though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this 8 , 9 ) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels. Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect-defect interactions start to dominate. Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO3) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 degrees C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels, although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date--Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets--suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur, carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels (though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels.Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect-defect interactions start to dominate. Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO3) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 degrees C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels, although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date--Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets--suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur, carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels (though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels.
Audience	Academic
Author	Ruiz-Morales, Juan Carlos Marrero-López, David Zhou, Wuzong Canales-Vázquez, Jesús Savaniu, Cristian Irvine, John T. S.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Juan Carlos surname: Ruiz-Morales fullname: Ruiz-Morales, Juan Carlos organization: School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of La Laguna – sequence: 2 givenname: Jesús surname: Canales-Vázquez fullname: Canales-Vázquez, Jesús organization: School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales ICMAB-CSIC – sequence: 3 givenname: Cristian surname: Savaniu fullname: Savaniu, Cristian organization: School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews – sequence: 4 givenname: David surname: Marrero-López fullname: Marrero-López, David organization: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of La Laguna – sequence: 5 givenname: Wuzong surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Wuzong organization: School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews – sequence: 6 givenname: John T. S. surname: Irvine fullname: Irvine, John T. S. email: jtsi@st-and.ac.uk organization: School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=17434211$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452975$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Ion out the defects The search for electrochemically active oxides for use in fuel cell anodes has concentrated on materials with low defect concentrations.... Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at...
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SubjectTerms	Anodes Applied sciences Carbon Conductivity Electrochemistry Electrodes Energy Energy. Thermal use of fuels Equipments for energy generation and conversion: thermal, electrical, mechanical energy, etc Exact sciences and technology Fossil fuels Fuel cells Fuel technology High temperature Humanities and Social Sciences Hydrocarbons Hydrogen Lanthanum letter Low temperature Methane multidisciplinary Oxidation Oxygen Science Science (multidisciplinary) Solid oxide fuel cells Strontium
Title	Disruption of extended defects in solid oxide fuel cell anodes for methane oxidation
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