2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors—A Systematic Review

Prostate cancer remains the second most common cancer among men. Screening is gaining acceptance, likely reducing mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging and biomarkers may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening. Prostat...

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Published in:European urology Vol. 84; no. 2; pp. 191 - 206
Main Authors: Bergengren, Oskar, Pekala, Kelly R., Matsoukas, Konstantina, Fainberg, Jonathan, Mungovan, Sean F., Bratt, Ola, Bray, Freddie, Brawley, Otis, Luckenbaugh, Amy N., Mucci, Lorelei, Morgan, Todd M., Carlsson, Sigrid V.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland Elsevier B.V 01.08.2023
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ISSN:0302-2838, 1873-7560, 1873-7560
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Abstract Prostate cancer remains the second most common cancer among men. Screening is gaining acceptance, likely reducing mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging and biomarkers may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve primary and secondary prevention strategies. To systematically review and summarize the current evidence on the descriptive epidemiology, large screening studies, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors of PCa. PCa incidence and mortality rates for 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A systematic search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical databases. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022359728). Globally, PCa is the second most common cancer, with the highest incidence in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic predisposition. Additional factors may include smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and occupational factors. As PCa screening has become more accepted, newer approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarkers have been implemented to identify patients who are likely to harbor significant tumors. Limitations of this review include the evidence being derived from meta-analyses of mostly retrospective studies. PCa remains the second most common cancer among men worldwide. PCa screening is gaining acceptance and will likely reduce PCa mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of MRI and biomarkers for the detection of PCa may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening. Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most common cancer among men, and screening for PCa is likely to increase in the future. Improved diagnostic techniques can help reduce the number of men who need to be diagnosed and treated to save one life. Avoidable risk factors for PCa may include factors such as smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and certain occupations.
AbstractList Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve primary and secondary prevention strategies.CONTEXTProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve primary and secondary prevention strategies.To systematically review and summarize the current evidence on the descriptive epidemiology, large screening studies, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors of PCa.OBJECTIVETo systematically review and summarize the current evidence on the descriptive epidemiology, large screening studies, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors of PCa.PCa incidence and mortality rates for 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A systematic search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical databases. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022359728).EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONPCa incidence and mortality rates for 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A systematic search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical databases. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022359728).Globally, PCa is the second most common cancer, with the highest incidence in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic predisposition. Additional factors may include smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and occupational factors. As PCa screening has become more accepted, newer approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarkers have been implemented to identify patients who are likely to harbor significant tumors. Limitations of this review include the evidence being derived from meta-analyses of mostly retrospective studies.EVIDENCE SYNTHESISGlobally, PCa is the second most common cancer, with the highest incidence in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic predisposition. Additional factors may include smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and occupational factors. As PCa screening has become more accepted, newer approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarkers have been implemented to identify patients who are likely to harbor significant tumors. Limitations of this review include the evidence being derived from meta-analyses of mostly retrospective studies.PCa remains the second most common cancer among men worldwide. PCa screening is gaining acceptance and will likely reduce PCa mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of MRI and biomarkers for the detection of PCa may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening.CONCLUSIONSPCa remains the second most common cancer among men worldwide. PCa screening is gaining acceptance and will likely reduce PCa mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of MRI and biomarkers for the detection of PCa may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening.Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most common cancer among men, and screening for PCa is likely to increase in the future. Improved diagnostic techniques can help reduce the number of men who need to be diagnosed and treated to save one life. Avoidable risk factors for PCa may include factors such as smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and certain occupations.PATIENT SUMMARYProstate cancer (PCa) remains the second most common cancer among men, and screening for PCa is likely to increase in the future. Improved diagnostic techniques can help reduce the number of men who need to be diagnosed and treated to save one life. Avoidable risk factors for PCa may include factors such as smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and certain occupations.
Prostate cancer remains the second most common cancer among men. Screening is gaining acceptance, likely reducing mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging and biomarkers may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve primary and secondary prevention strategies. To systematically review and summarize the current evidence on the descriptive epidemiology, large screening studies, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors of PCa. PCa incidence and mortality rates for 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A systematic search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical databases. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022359728). Globally, PCa is the second most common cancer, with the highest incidence in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic predisposition. Additional factors may include smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and occupational factors. As PCa screening has become more accepted, newer approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarkers have been implemented to identify patients who are likely to harbor significant tumors. Limitations of this review include the evidence being derived from meta-analyses of mostly retrospective studies. PCa remains the second most common cancer among men worldwide. PCa screening is gaining acceptance and will likely reduce PCa mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of MRI and biomarkers for the detection of PCa may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening. Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most common cancer among men, and screening for PCa is likely to increase in the future. Improved diagnostic techniques can help reduce the number of men who need to be diagnosed and treated to save one life. Avoidable risk factors for PCa may include factors such as smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and certain occupations.
Context: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve primary and secondary prevention strategies.Objective: To systematically review and summarize the current evidence on the descrip-tive epidemiology, large screening studies, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors of PCa.Evidence acquisition: PCa incidence and mortality rates for 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A systematic search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical databases. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022359728).Evidence synthesis: Globally, PCa is the second most common cancer, with the highest incidence in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic predisposition. Additional factors may include smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and occupational factors. As PCa screening has become more accepted, newer approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarkers have been implemented to identify patients who are likely to harbor significant tumors. Limitations of this review include the evidence being derived from meta-analyses of mostly retrospective studies.Conclusions: PCa remains the second most common cancer among men worldwide. PCa screening is gaining acceptance and will likely reduce PCa mortality at the cost of over-diagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of MRI and biomarkers for the detection of PCa may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening.Patient summary: Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most common cancer among men, and screening for PCa is likely to increase in the future. Improved diagnostic techniques can help reduce the number of men who need to be diagnosed and treated to save one life. Avoidable risk factors for PCa may include factors such as smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and certain occupations.
Prostate cancer remains the second most common cancer among men. Screening is gaining acceptance, likely reducing mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging and biomarkers may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening.
Context: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve primary and secondary prevention strategies. Objective: To systematically review and summarize the current evidence on the descrip-tive epidemiology, large screening studies, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors of PCa. Evidence acquisition: PCa incidence and mortality rates for 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A systematic search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical databases. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022359728). Evidence synthesis: Globally, PCa is the second most common cancer, with the highest incidence in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic predisposition. Additional factors may include smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and occupational factors. As PCa screening has become more accepted, newer approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarkers have been implemented to identify patients who are likely to harbor significant tumors. Limitations of this review include the evidence being derived from meta-analyses of mostly retrospective studies. Conclusions: PCa remains the second most common cancer among men worldwide. PCa screening is gaining acceptance and will likely reduce PCa mortality at the cost of over-diagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of MRI and biomarkers for the detection of PCa may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve primary and secondary prevention strategies. To systematically review and summarize the current evidence on the descriptive epidemiology, large screening studies, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors of PCa. PCa incidence and mortality rates for 2020 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A systematic search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical databases. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022359728). Globally, PCa is the second most common cancer, with the highest incidence in North and South America, Europe, Australia, and the Caribbean. Risk factors include age, family history, and genetic predisposition. Additional factors may include smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and occupational factors. As PCa screening has become more accepted, newer approaches such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomarkers have been implemented to identify patients who are likely to harbor significant tumors. Limitations of this review include the evidence being derived from meta-analyses of mostly retrospective studies. PCa remains the second most common cancer among men worldwide. PCa screening is gaining acceptance and will likely reduce PCa mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Increasing use of MRI and biomarkers for the detection of PCa may mitigate some of the negative consequences of screening. Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most common cancer among men, and screening for PCa is likely to increase in the future. Improved diagnostic techniques can help reduce the number of men who need to be diagnosed and treated to save one life. Avoidable risk factors for PCa may include factors such as smoking, diet, physical activity, specific medications, and certain occupations.
Author Morgan, Todd M.
Matsoukas, Konstantina
Bratt, Ola
Luckenbaugh, Amy N.
Mucci, Lorelei
Pekala, Kelly R.
Brawley, Otis
Bergengren, Oskar
Fainberg, Jonathan
Bray, Freddie
Carlsson, Sigrid V.
Mungovan, Sean F.
AuthorAffiliation b Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
k Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
l Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
f Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
d Westmead Private Physiotherapy Services and The Clinical Research Institute, Westmead Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
i Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
e Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
a Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
h Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
c Medical Library, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
j Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
g Department of Oncology, Johns Hop
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: a Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
– name: c Medical Library, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
– name: b Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
– name: e Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
– name: f Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
– name: i Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
– name: j Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
– name: g Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
– name: l Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
– name: d Westmead Private Physiotherapy Services and The Clinical Research Institute, Westmead Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
– name: h Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
– name: k Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Oskar
  surname: Bergengren
  fullname: Bergengren, Oskar
  email: oskar.bergengren@surgsci.uu.se
  organization: Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kelly R.
  surname: Pekala
  fullname: Pekala, Kelly R.
  organization: Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Konstantina
  surname: Matsoukas
  fullname: Matsoukas, Konstantina
  organization: Medical Library, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jonathan
  surname: Fainberg
  fullname: Fainberg, Jonathan
  organization: Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Sean F.
  surname: Mungovan
  fullname: Mungovan, Sean F.
  organization: Westmead Private Physiotherapy Services and The Clinical Research Institute, Westmead Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Ola
  surname: Bratt
  fullname: Bratt, Ola
  organization: Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Freddie
  surname: Bray
  fullname: Bray, Freddie
  organization: Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Otis
  surname: Brawley
  fullname: Brawley, Otis
  organization: Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Amy N.
  surname: Luckenbaugh
  fullname: Luckenbaugh, Amy N.
  organization: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Lorelei
  surname: Mucci
  fullname: Mucci, Lorelei
  organization: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Todd M.
  surname: Morgan
  fullname: Morgan, Todd M.
  organization: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Sigrid V.
  surname: Carlsson
  fullname: Carlsson, Sigrid V.
  organization: Department of Surgery (Urology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37202314$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-510506$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Uppsala universitet)
https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/328859$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Göteborgs universitet)
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Issue 2
Keywords Screening
Prostate cancer
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Language English
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content type line 23
Supervision: Morgan, Carlsson.
Other: None.
Author contributions: Oskar Bergengren had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Bergengren, Pekala, Matsoukas, Fainberg, Mungovan, Bratt, Bray, Brawley, Luckenbaugh, Mucci, BT, Morgan, Carlsson.
Statistical analysis: None.
Study concept and design: Bergengren, Matsoukas, Morgan, Carlsson.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Matsoukas.
Obtaining funding: None.
Acquisition of data: Bergengren, Pekala, Matsoukas, Fainberg, Mungovan, Bratt, Bray, Brawley, Luckenbaugh, BT, Morgan, Carlsson.
Drafting of the manuscript: Bergengren, Pekala.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Bergengren, Pekala, Matsoukas, Fainberg, Mungovan, Bratt, Bray, Brawley, Luckenbaugh, BT, Morgan, Carlsson.
OpenAccessLink https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10851915/pdf/nihms-1954607.pdf
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Snippet Prostate cancer remains the second most common cancer among men. Screening is gaining acceptance, likely reducing mortality at the cost of overdiagnosis and...
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to improve...
Context: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease is paramount to...
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SubjectTerms Epidemiology
Humans
Male
Nephrology
Njurmedicin
Prostate - pathology
Prostate cancer
Prostate-Specific Antigen
Prostatic Neoplasms - diagnosis
Prostatic Neoplasms - epidemiology
Prostatic Neoplasms - pathology
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Screening
Title 2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors—A Systematic Review
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0302283823027860
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2023.04.021
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37202314
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2816758304
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC10851915
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-510506
https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/328859
Volume 84
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