Mortality trends and differentials in South Africa from 1997 to 2012: second National Burden of Disease Study
The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997–2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortal...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Lancet global health Jg. 4; H. 9; S. e642 - e653 |
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
England
Elsevier Ltd
01.09.2016
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 2214-109X, 2214-109X |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
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| Abstract | The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997–2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortality.
We used underlying cause of death data from death notifications for 1997–2012 obtained from Statistics South Africa. These data were adjusted for completeness using indirect demographic techniques for adults and comparison with survey and census estimates for child mortality. A regression approach was used to estimate misclassified HIV/AIDS deaths and so-called garbage codes were proportionally redistributed by age, sex, and population group population group (black African, Indian or Asian descent, white [European descent], and coloured [of mixed ancestry according to the preceding categories]). Injury deaths were estimated from additional data sources. Age-standardised death rates were calculated with mid-year population estimates and the WHO age standard. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (IHME GBD) estimates for South Africa were obtained from the IHME GHDx website for comparison.
All-cause age-standardised death rates increased rapidly since 1997, peaked in 2006 and then declined, driven by changes in HIV/AIDS. Mortality from tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and injuries decreased slightly. In 2012, HIV/AIDS caused the most deaths (29·1%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (7·5%) and lower respiratory infections (4·9%). All-cause age-standardised death rates were 1·7 times higher in the province with the highest death rate compared to the province with the lowest death rate, 2·2 times higher in black Africans compared to whites, and 1·4 times higher in males compared with females. Comparison with the IHME GBD estimates for South Africa revealed substantial differences for estimated deaths from all causes, particularly HIV/AIDS and interpersonal violence.
This study shows the reversal of HIV/AIDS, non-communicable disease, and injury mortality trends in South Africa during the study period. Mortality differentials show the importance of social determinants, raise concerns about the quality of health services, and provide relevant information to policy makers for addressing inequalities. Differences between GBD estimates for South Africa and this study emphasise the need for more careful calibration of global models with local data.
South African Medical Research Council's Flagships Awards Project. |
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| AbstractList | The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997–2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortality.
We used underlying cause of death data from death notifications for 1997–2012 obtained from Statistics South Africa. These data were adjusted for completeness using indirect demographic techniques for adults and comparison with survey and census estimates for child mortality. A regression approach was used to estimate misclassified HIV/AIDS deaths and so-called garbage codes were proportionally redistributed by age, sex, and population group population group (black African, Indian or Asian descent, white [European descent], and coloured [of mixed ancestry according to the preceding categories]). Injury deaths were estimated from additional data sources. Age-standardised death rates were calculated with mid-year population estimates and the WHO age standard. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (IHME GBD) estimates for South Africa were obtained from the IHME GHDx website for comparison.
All-cause age-standardised death rates increased rapidly since 1997, peaked in 2006 and then declined, driven by changes in HIV/AIDS. Mortality from tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and injuries decreased slightly. In 2012, HIV/AIDS caused the most deaths (29·1%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (7·5%) and lower respiratory infections (4·9%). All-cause age-standardised death rates were 1·7 times higher in the province with the highest death rate compared to the province with the lowest death rate, 2·2 times higher in black Africans compared to whites, and 1·4 times higher in males compared with females. Comparison with the IHME GBD estimates for South Africa revealed substantial differences for estimated deaths from all causes, particularly HIV/AIDS and interpersonal violence.
This study shows the reversal of HIV/AIDS, non-communicable disease, and injury mortality trends in South Africa during the study period. Mortality differentials show the importance of social determinants, raise concerns about the quality of health services, and provide relevant information to policy makers for addressing inequalities. Differences between GBD estimates for South Africa and this study emphasise the need for more careful calibration of global models with local data.
South African Medical Research Council's Flagships Awards Project. The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997-2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortality.BACKGROUNDThe poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997-2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortality.We used underlying cause of death data from death notifications for 1997-2012 obtained from Statistics South Africa. These data were adjusted for completeness using indirect demographic techniques for adults and comparison with survey and census estimates for child mortality. A regression approach was used to estimate misclassified HIV/AIDS deaths and so-called garbage codes were proportionally redistributed by age, sex, and population group population group (black African, Indian or Asian descent, white [European descent], and coloured [of mixed ancestry according to the preceding categories]). Injury deaths were estimated from additional data sources. Age-standardised death rates were calculated with mid-year population estimates and the WHO age standard. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (IHME GBD) estimates for South Africa were obtained from the IHME GHDx website for comparison.METHODWe used underlying cause of death data from death notifications for 1997-2012 obtained from Statistics South Africa. These data were adjusted for completeness using indirect demographic techniques for adults and comparison with survey and census estimates for child mortality. A regression approach was used to estimate misclassified HIV/AIDS deaths and so-called garbage codes were proportionally redistributed by age, sex, and population group population group (black African, Indian or Asian descent, white [European descent], and coloured [of mixed ancestry according to the preceding categories]). Injury deaths were estimated from additional data sources. Age-standardised death rates were calculated with mid-year population estimates and the WHO age standard. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (IHME GBD) estimates for South Africa were obtained from the IHME GHDx website for comparison.All-cause age-standardised death rates increased rapidly since 1997, peaked in 2006 and then declined, driven by changes in HIV/AIDS. Mortality from tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and injuries decreased slightly. In 2012, HIV/AIDS caused the most deaths (29·1%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (7·5%) and lower respiratory infections (4·9%). All-cause age-standardised death rates were 1·7 times higher in the province with the highest death rate compared to the province with the lowest death rate, 2·2 times higher in black Africans compared to whites, and 1·4 times higher in males compared with females. Comparison with the IHME GBD estimates for South Africa revealed substantial differences for estimated deaths from all causes, particularly HIV/AIDS and interpersonal violence.FINDINGSAll-cause age-standardised death rates increased rapidly since 1997, peaked in 2006 and then declined, driven by changes in HIV/AIDS. Mortality from tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and injuries decreased slightly. In 2012, HIV/AIDS caused the most deaths (29·1%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (7·5%) and lower respiratory infections (4·9%). All-cause age-standardised death rates were 1·7 times higher in the province with the highest death rate compared to the province with the lowest death rate, 2·2 times higher in black Africans compared to whites, and 1·4 times higher in males compared with females. Comparison with the IHME GBD estimates for South Africa revealed substantial differences for estimated deaths from all causes, particularly HIV/AIDS and interpersonal violence.This study shows the reversal of HIV/AIDS, non-communicable disease, and injury mortality trends in South Africa during the study period. Mortality differentials show the importance of social determinants, raise concerns about the quality of health services, and provide relevant information to policy makers for addressing inequalities. Differences between GBD estimates for South Africa and this study emphasise the need for more careful calibration of global models with local data.INTERPRETATIONThis study shows the reversal of HIV/AIDS, non-communicable disease, and injury mortality trends in South Africa during the study period. Mortality differentials show the importance of social determinants, raise concerns about the quality of health services, and provide relevant information to policy makers for addressing inequalities. Differences between GBD estimates for South Africa and this study emphasise the need for more careful calibration of global models with local data.South African Medical Research Council's Flagships Awards Project.FUNDINGSouth African Medical Research Council's Flagships Awards Project. Summary Background The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997–2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortality. Method We used underlying cause of death data from death notifications for 1997–2012 obtained from Statistics South Africa. These data were adjusted for completeness using indirect demographic techniques for adults and comparison with survey and census estimates for child mortality. A regression approach was used to estimate misclassified HIV/AIDS deaths and so-called garbage codes were proportionally redistributed by age, sex, and population group population group (black African, Indian or Asian descent, white [European descent], and coloured [of mixed ancestry according to the preceding categories]). Injury deaths were estimated from additional data sources. Age-standardised death rates were calculated with mid-year population estimates and the WHO age standard. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (IHME GBD) estimates for South Africa were obtained from the IHME GHDx website for comparison. Findings All-cause age-standardised death rates increased rapidly since 1997, peaked in 2006 and then declined, driven by changes in HIV/AIDS. Mortality from tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and injuries decreased slightly. In 2012, HIV/AIDS caused the most deaths (29·1%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (7·5%) and lower respiratory infections (4·9%). All-cause age-standardised death rates were 1·7 times higher in the province with the highest death rate compared to the province with the lowest death rate, 2·2 times higher in black Africans compared to whites, and 1·4 times higher in males compared with females. Comparison with the IHME GBD estimates for South Africa revealed substantial differences for estimated deaths from all causes, particularly HIV/AIDS and interpersonal violence. Interpretation This study shows the reversal of HIV/AIDS, non-communicable disease, and injury mortality trends in South Africa during the study period. Mortality differentials show the importance of social determinants, raise concerns about the quality of health services, and provide relevant information to policy makers for addressing inequalities. Differences between GBD estimates for South Africa and this study emphasise the need for more careful calibration of global models with local data. Funding South African Medical Research Council's Flagships Awards Project. Background: The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997–2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortality. Method: We used underlying cause of death data from death notifications for 1997–2012 obtained from Statistics South Africa. These data were adjusted for completeness using indirect demographic techniques for adults and comparison with survey and census estimates for child mortality. A regression approach was used to estimate misclassified HIV/AIDS deaths and so-called garbage codes were proportionally redistributed by age, sex, and population group population group (black African, Indian or Asian descent, white [European descent], and coloured [of mixed ancestry according to the preceding categories]). Injury deaths were estimated from additional data sources. Age-standardised death rates were calculated with mid-year population estimates and the WHO age standard. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (IHME GBD) estimates for South Africa were obtained from the IHME GHDx website for comparison. Findings: All-cause age-standardised death rates increased rapidly since 1997, peaked in 2006 and then declined, driven by changes in HIV/AIDS. Mortality from tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and injuries decreased slightly. In 2012, HIV/AIDS caused the most deaths (29·1%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (7·5%) and lower respiratory infections (4·9%). All-cause age-standardised death rates were 1·7 times higher in the province with the highest death rate compared to the province with the lowest death rate, 2·2 times higher in black Africans compared to whites, and 1·4 times higher in males compared with females. Comparison with the IHME GBD estimates for South Africa revealed substantial differences for estimated deaths from all causes, particularly HIV/AIDS and interpersonal violence. Interpretation: This study shows the reversal of HIV/AIDS, non-communicable disease, and injury mortality trends in South Africa during the study period. Mortality differentials show the importance of social determinants, raise concerns about the quality of health services, and provide relevant information to policy makers for addressing inequalities. Differences between GBD estimates for South Africa and this study emphasise the need for more careful calibration of global models with local data. Funding: South African Medical Research Council's Flagships Awards Project. |
| Author | Prinsloo, Megan Vos, Theo Joubert, Jané D Nannan, Nadine Sithole, Nomfuneko Groenewald, Pam Nojilana, Beatrice Bradshaw, Debbie Msemburi, William Laubscher, Ria Gwebushe, Nomonde Glass, Tracy Matzopoulos, Richard Neethling, Ian Rossouw, Anastasia Pillay-van Wyk, Victoria Nicol, Edward Dorrington, Rob E Somdyala, Nontuthuzelo |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Victoria surname: Pillay-van Wyk fullname: Pillay-van Wyk, Victoria email: victoria.pillayvanwyk@mrc.ac.za organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: William surname: Msemburi fullname: Msemburi, William organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: Ria surname: Laubscher fullname: Laubscher, Ria organization: Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: Rob E surname: Dorrington fullname: Dorrington, Rob E organization: Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 5 givenname: Pam surname: Groenewald fullname: Groenewald, Pam organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 6 givenname: Tracy surname: Glass fullname: Glass, Tracy organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 7 givenname: Beatrice surname: Nojilana fullname: Nojilana, Beatrice organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 8 givenname: Jané D surname: Joubert fullname: Joubert, Jané D organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 9 givenname: Richard surname: Matzopoulos fullname: Matzopoulos, Richard organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 10 givenname: Megan surname: Prinsloo fullname: Prinsloo, Megan organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 11 givenname: Nadine surname: Nannan fullname: Nannan, Nadine organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 12 givenname: Nomonde surname: Gwebushe fullname: Gwebushe, Nomonde organization: Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 13 givenname: Theo surname: Vos fullname: Vos, Theo organization: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Nontuthuzelo surname: Somdyala fullname: Somdyala, Nontuthuzelo organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 15 givenname: Nomfuneko surname: Sithole fullname: Sithole, Nomfuneko organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 16 givenname: Ian surname: Neethling fullname: Neethling, Ian organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 17 givenname: Edward surname: Nicol fullname: Nicol, Edward organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 18 givenname: Anastasia surname: Rossouw fullname: Rossouw, Anastasia organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 19 givenname: Debbie surname: Bradshaw fullname: Bradshaw, Debbie organization: Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27539806$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to... Summary Background The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD)... Background: The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Cause of Death - trends Child Communicable Diseases - epidemiology Female Global Health HIV Infections Humans Internal Medicine Male Middle Aged Mortality - ethnology Mortality - trends South Africa - epidemiology |
| Title | Mortality trends and differentials in South Africa from 1997 to 2012: second National Burden of Disease Study |
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