Handgrip strength reference intervals in Swedish, young, healthy adults: The LBA study
•Handgrip strength may differ strongly between populations•Reference intervals are best established locally•Sex, height, and fat-free mass are the main determinants of hand-grip strength Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical...
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| Vydané v: | Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) Ročník 105; s. 111867 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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United States
Elsevier Inc
01.01.2023
Elsevier Limited |
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| ISSN: | 0899-9007, 1873-1244, 1873-1244 |
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| Abstract | •Handgrip strength may differ strongly between populations•Reference intervals are best established locally•Sex, height, and fat-free mass are the main determinants of hand-grip strength
Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions.
Men and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS.
In this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally. |
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| AbstractList | Objectives: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions.
Results: Men and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS.
Conclusions: In this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe. This cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions. Men and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS. In this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally. Objectives: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions. Results: Men and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS. Conclusions: In this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally. •Handgrip strength may differ strongly between populations•Reference intervals are best established locally•Sex, height, and fat-free mass are the main determinants of hand-grip strength Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe. This cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions. Men and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS. In this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally. ObjectivesHandgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions.ResultsMen and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS.ConclusionsIn this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe.OBJECTIVESHandgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine clinically useful reference intervals for healthy, young adults from Northern Europe.This cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions.METHODSThis cross-sectional study was conducted in central Sweden, recruiting 834 young, nonsmoking adults ages 18 to 26 y. Subjects responded to a questionnaire on general health status, medication (including contraceptives), exercise habits, and parental and their own country of birth. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis for determination of fat-free mass (FFM), and HGS was measured. Reference intervals were calculated as mean and standard deviation. Differences between men, women, and women using estrogen contraceptives were analyzed using an analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Associations between HGS and determinant variables were analyzed using Spearman and linear regressions.Men and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS.RESULTSMen and women differed in HGS, but no significant difference was found in average HGS based on contraceptive use in women. Mean HGS was 53 kg in men and 34 kg in women, with a range of 22 kg to 90 kg in men and 16 kg to 73 kg in women. Height correlated with HGS. Subjects with a body mass index (BMI) <20 had statistically significantly lower HGS than those in higher BMI groups. There was no statistically significant mean difference between the group of subjects with a BMI of 20 to 25 and those with BMI >25 in neither men nor women. HGS in both sexes showed a gradual increase through tertiles of FFM. In linear regression models, sex, height, and FFM were the main determinants of HGS.In this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, we established reference intervals for HGS in healthy Swedish adults ages 18 to 26 y. As a surrogate marker of whole-body muscle mass, these reference intervals can be used in health assessments and the planning of health-promoting measures in the individual young adults. Differences in HGS based on height warrant height-specific reference intervals that should be established locally. |
| ArticleNumber | 111867 |
| Author | Nilsson, Torbjörn K. Hurtig-Wennlöf, Anita Pettersson-Pablo, Paul |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Paul orcidid: 0000-0001-8458-6448 surname: Pettersson-Pablo fullname: Pettersson-Pablo, Paul email: paul.pettersson-pablo@regionorebrolan.se organization: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden – sequence: 2 givenname: Torbjörn K. orcidid: 0000-0003-0788-0349 surname: Nilsson fullname: Nilsson, Torbjörn K. organization: Department of Medical Biosciences/Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden – sequence: 3 givenname: Anita surname: Hurtig-Wennlöf fullname: Hurtig-Wennlöf, Anita organization: The Biomedical Platform, Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36370493$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-58970$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Högskolan i Jönköping) https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-102185$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Örebro universitet) https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-201194$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Umeå universitet) |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1111_hepr_13906 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nutos_2025_08_007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_diabres_2023_111057 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_83939_7 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1038/srep19457 10.1186/s13104-021-05731-4 10.1037/dev0001097 10.1186/s12963-015-0049-x 10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.06.014 10.1371/journal.pone.0236555 10.2519/jospt.2018.7851 10.1007/s00431-009-1010-4 10.2147/VHRM.S125966 10.1589/jpts.29.1644 10.1177/2042018819888824 10.1136/bmj.k1651 10.1093/gerona/glu012 |
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| DOI | 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111867 |
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| Snippet | •Handgrip strength may differ strongly between populations•Reference intervals are best established locally•Sex, height, and fat-free mass are the main... Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine... ObjectivesHandgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to... Objectives: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to... OBJECTIVES: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a surrogate marker of general risk and nutritional status, frequently used in clinical practice. This study aimed to... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult adulthood Adults Anthropometry Atherosclerosis Biomarkers Birth control Body composition Body fat Body height body mass Body mass index Body size body weight Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular risk Chronic illnesses Contraceptive Agents contraceptive behavior Contraceptives Cross-Sectional Studies cross-sectional study Disease prevention estrogen Estrogens fat free mass Fat-free body mass Female grip strength Hand Strength - physiology Handgrip strength Health promotion human human experiment Humans Intervals linear regression analysis Male Mean Men Mortality Muscles normal human Nutritional status reference value Reference Values Regression analysis Regression models sex difference Sexes Statistical analysis Sweden Variance analysis Women Womens health Young Adult Young adults |
| Title | Handgrip strength reference intervals in Swedish, young, healthy adults: The LBA study |
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