The Science of Obesity Management: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Abstract The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the g...

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Published in:	Endocrine reviews Vol. 39; no. 2; pp. 79 - 132
Main Authors:	Bray, George A, Heisel, William E, Afshin, Ashkan, Jensen, Michael D, Dietz, William H, Long, Michael, Kushner, Robert F, Daniels, Stephen R, Wadden, Thomas A, Tsai, Adam G, Hu, Frank B, Jakicic, John M, Ryan, Donna H, Wolfe, Bruce M, Inge, Thomas H
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Washington, DC Endocrine Society 01.04.2018 Copyright Oxford University Press Oxford University Press
Subjects:	Adolescents Adult Apnea Biocompatibility Biomedical materials Body fat Body mass Body mass index Body size Body weight Body weight loss Cardiovascular diseases Child Children Consumer goods industry Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) Disease Effectiveness Energy expenditure Energy intake Gout Health risks Health services Humans Kidney diseases Life span Liraglutide Lorcaserin Medical personnel Medicine, Botanic Medicine, Herbal Obesity Obesity - diagnosis Obesity - drug therapy Obesity - surgery Obesity - therapy Osteoarthritis Patients Phenotypes Practice Guidelines as Topic Scientific Statement Sleep Sleep apnea syndromes Sleep disorders Societies, Medical Surgery Type 2 diabetes Weight control Weight loss Weight reduction United Kingdom Sweden United States Maryland
ISSN:	0163-769X, 1945-7189, 1945-7189
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	Abstract The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner-the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of "medically healthy obesity" appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. This Scientific Statement critically reviews the definition of obesity, providing a list of assessment methods, obesity-related diseases, and prevention measures.
AbstractList	The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner-the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of "medically healthy obesity" appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index.The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner-the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of "medically healthy obesity" appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. Abstract The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner-the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of "medically healthy obesity" appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. This Scientific Statement critically reviews the definition of obesity, providing a list of assessment methods, obesity-related diseases, and prevention measures. The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner—the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of “medically healthy obesity” appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. This Scientific Statement critically reviews the definition of obesity, providing a list of assessment methods, obesity-related diseases, and prevention measures. The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner—the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of “medically healthy obesity” appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. Abstract The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner--the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of "medically healthy obesity" appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. This Scientific Statement critically reviews the definition of obesity, providing a list of assessment methods, obesity-related diseases, and prevention measures. The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner--the more weight lost, the better the outcome. The phenotype of "medically healthy obesity" appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, ifany, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. (Endocrine Reviews 39: 79-132, 2018)
Audience	Academic
Author	Long, Michael Hu, Frank B Jensen, Michael D Wolfe, Bruce M Kushner, Robert F Inge, Thomas H Dietz, William H Tsai, Adam G Heisel, William E Ryan, Donna H Afshin, Ashkan Jakicic, John M Bray, George A Wadden, Thomas A Daniels, Stephen R
AuthorAffiliation	Department of Clinical Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Children Hospital, Denver, Colorado Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora,
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Department of Clinical Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Children Hospital, Denver, Colorado Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado – name: 11 Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon – name: 13 Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado – name: 3 Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota – name: 8 Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado – name: 6 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Children Hospital, Denver, Colorado – name: 1 Department of Clinical Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana – name: 12 Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado – name: 5 Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois – name: 2 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington, Seattle, Washington – name: 7 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – name: 4 Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia – name: 10 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – name: 9 Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: George A surname: Bray fullname: Bray, George A email: george.bray@pbrc.edu organization: Department of Clinical Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana – sequence: 2 givenname: William E surname: Heisel fullname: Heisel, William E organization: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington, Seattle, Washington – sequence: 3 givenname: Ashkan surname: Afshin fullname: Afshin, Ashkan organization: Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington, Seattle, Washington – sequence: 4 givenname: Michael D surname: Jensen fullname: Jensen, Michael D organization: Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota – sequence: 5 givenname: William H surname: Dietz fullname: Dietz, William H organization: Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia – sequence: 6 givenname: Michael surname: Long fullname: Long, Michael organization: Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia – sequence: 7 givenname: Robert F surname: Kushner fullname: Kushner, Robert F organization: Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois – sequence: 8 givenname: Stephen R surname: Daniels fullname: Daniels, Stephen R organization: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Children Hospital, Denver, Colorado – sequence: 9 givenname: Thomas A surname: Wadden fullname: Wadden, Thomas A organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – sequence: 10 givenname: Adam G surname: Tsai fullname: Tsai, Adam G organization: Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado – sequence: 11 givenname: Frank B surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Frank B organization: Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts – sequence: 12 givenname: John M surname: Jakicic fullname: Jakicic, John M organization: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – sequence: 13 givenname: Donna H surname: Ryan fullname: Ryan, Donna H organization: Department of Clinical Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana – sequence: 14 givenname: Bruce M surname: Wolfe fullname: Wolfe, Bruce M organization: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon – sequence: 15 givenname: Thomas H surname: Inge fullname: Inge, Thomas H organization: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29518206$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Abstract The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with... The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with... Abstract The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescents Adult Apnea Biocompatibility Biomedical materials Body fat Body mass Body mass index Body size Body weight Body weight loss Cardiovascular diseases Child Children Consumer goods industry Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) Disease Effectiveness Energy expenditure Energy intake Gout Health risks Health services Humans Kidney diseases Life span Liraglutide Lorcaserin Medical personnel Medicine, Botanic Medicine, Herbal Obesity Obesity - diagnosis Obesity - drug therapy Obesity - surgery Obesity - therapy Osteoarthritis Patients Phenotypes Practice Guidelines as Topic Scientific Statement Sleep Sleep apnea syndromes Sleep disorders Societies, Medical Surgery Type 2 diabetes Weight control Weight loss Weight reduction
Title	The Science of Obesity Management: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement
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