Psychological and physical impact of urban green spaces on outdoor thermal comfort during summertime in The Netherlands

Green infrastructure can improve thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in moderate climates. The impact of green spaces on thermal comfort is often exclusively investigated through meteorological variables and human-biometeorological indices. Yet, studies on perceived thermal comfort are scarce. A...

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Published in:Building and environment Vol. 83; pp. 120 - 128
Main Authors: Klemm, Wiebke, Heusinkveld, Bert G., Lenzholzer, Sanda, Jacobs, Maarten H., Van Hove, Bert
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.01.2015
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ISSN:0360-1323, 1873-684X
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Abstract Green infrastructure can improve thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in moderate climates. The impact of green spaces on thermal comfort is often exclusively investigated through meteorological variables and human-biometeorological indices. Yet, studies on perceived thermal comfort are scarce. As thermal comfort is a property of human perception of the thermal environment, this knowledge is crucial for understanding the relationship between green spaces and thermal comfort. We investigated inhabitants' long-term perception of thermal comfort on warm summer days in three Dutch cities by means of questionnaires. Additionally, we examined the daytime cooling effect of green spaces in Utrecht, in order to find physical evidence to verify thermal comfort perception. To this end we used bicycles equipped with micrometeorological sensors. We compared thermal conditions of 13 parks with thermal conditions in the city centre and in the open grassland outside the city. And we analysed dependences between thermal conditions and spatial variables of parks (size, tree canopy, upwind vegetation cover). Our results demonstrate that green infrastructure improves generally perceived thermal comfort. People evaluated green urban spaces as the most thermally comfortable spaces which was in line with the physical thermal investigations. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) in parks on average was 1.9 K lower than in the city centre and 5 K lower than in the surrounding grasslands during the hottest period of the day. Thermal variance between parks was significantly influenced by tree canopy cover (mean radiant temperature p = 0.00005) and upwind vegetation cover (air temperature p = 0.013), not significantly for park size. •Green environments are rated as more thermally comfortable than water and built environments.•Perceived thermal comfort in urban green areas fits objective thermal environment.•PET of parks was −1.9 K compared to city centre and −5 K compared to open grassland outside the city.•10% tree cover in a park lowers mean radiant temperature about 3.2 K.•Green cover in upwind urban areas significantly influences air temperature of parks (p = 0.013).
AbstractList Green infrastructure can improve thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in moderate climates. The impact of green spaces on thermal comfort is often exclusively investigated through meteorological variables and human-biometeorological indices. Yet, studies on perceived thermal comfort are scarce. As thermal comfort is a property of human perception of the thermal environment, this knowledge is crucial for understanding the relationship between green spaces and thermal comfort. We investigated inhabitants' long-term perception of thermal comfort on warm summer days in three Dutch cities by means of questionnaires. Additionally, we examined the daytime cooling effect of green spaces in Utrecht, in order to find physical evidence to verify thermal comfort perception. To this end we used bicycles equipped with micrometeorological sensors. We compared thermal conditions of 13 parks with thermal conditions in the city centre and in the open grassland outside the city. And we analysed dependences between thermal conditions and spatial variables of parks (size, tree canopy, upwind vegetation cover). Our results demonstrate that green infrastructure improves generally perceived thermal comfort. People evaluated green urban spaces as the most thermally comfortable spaces which was in line with the physical thermal investigations. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) in parks on average was 1.9 K lower than in the city centre and 5 K lower than in the surrounding grasslands during the hottest period of the day. Thermal variance between parks was significantly influenced by tree canopy cover (mean radiant temperature p = 0.00005) and upwind vegetation cover (air temperature p = 0.013), not significantly for park size.
Green infrastructure can improve thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in moderate climates. The impact of green spaces on thermal comfort is often exclusively investigated through meteorological variables and human-biometeorological indices. Yet, studies on perceived thermal comfort are scarce. As thermal comfort is a property of human perception of the thermal environment, this knowledge is crucial for understanding the relationship between green spaces and thermal comfort. We investigated inhabitants' long-term perception of thermal comfort on warm summer days in three Dutch cities by means of questionnaires. Additionally, we examined the daytime cooling effect of green spaces in Utrecht, in order to find physical evidence to verify thermal comfort perception. To this end we used bicycles equipped with micrometeorological sensors. We compared thermal conditions of 13 parks with thermal conditions in the city centre and in the open grassland outside the city. And we analysed dependences between thermal conditions and spatial variables of parks (size, tree canopy, upwind vegetation cover). Our results demonstrate that green infrastructure improves generally perceived thermal comfort. People evaluated green urban spaces as the most thermally comfortable spaces which was in line with the physical thermal investigations. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) in parks on average was 1.9 K lower than in the city centre and 5 K lower than in the surrounding grasslands during the hottest period of the day. Thermal variance between parks was significantly influenced by tree canopy cover (mean radiant temperature p = 0.00005) and upwind vegetation cover (air temperature p = 0.013), not significantly for park size
Green infrastructure can improve thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in moderate climates. The impact of green spaces on thermal comfort is often exclusively investigated through meteorological variables and human-biometeorological indices. Yet, studies on perceived thermal comfort are scarce. As thermal comfort is a property of human perception of the thermal environment, this knowledge is crucial for understanding the relationship between green spaces and thermal comfort. We investigated inhabitants' long-term perception of thermal comfort on warm summer days in three Dutch cities by means of questionnaires. Additionally, we examined the daytime cooling effect of green spaces in Utrecht, in order to find physical evidence to verify thermal comfort perception. To this end we used bicycles equipped with micrometeorological sensors. We compared thermal conditions of 13 parks with thermal conditions in the city centre and in the open grassland outside the city. And we analysed dependences between thermal conditions and spatial variables of parks (size, tree canopy, upwind vegetation cover). Our results demonstrate that green infrastructure improves generally perceived thermal comfort. People evaluated green urban spaces as the most thermally comfortable spaces which was in line with the physical thermal investigations. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) in parks on average was 1.9 K lower than in the city centre and 5 K lower than in the surrounding grasslands during the hottest period of the day. Thermal variance between parks was significantly influenced by tree canopy cover (mean radiant temperature p = 0.00005) and upwind vegetation cover (air temperature p = 0.013), not significantly for park size. •Green environments are rated as more thermally comfortable than water and built environments.•Perceived thermal comfort in urban green areas fits objective thermal environment.•PET of parks was −1.9 K compared to city centre and −5 K compared to open grassland outside the city.•10% tree cover in a park lowers mean radiant temperature about 3.2 K.•Green cover in upwind urban areas significantly influences air temperature of parks (p = 0.013).
Author Lenzholzer, Sanda
Jacobs, Maarten H.
Van Hove, Bert
Heusinkveld, Bert G.
Klemm, Wiebke
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  surname: Klemm
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– sequence: 2
  givenname: Bert G.
  surname: Heusinkveld
  fullname: Heusinkveld, Bert G.
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– sequence: 3
  givenname: Sanda
  surname: Lenzholzer
  fullname: Lenzholzer, Sanda
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  organization: Wageningen University, Landscape Architecture Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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  givenname: Maarten H.
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  organization: Wageningen University, Cultural Geography Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Bert
  surname: Van Hove
  fullname: Van Hove, Bert
  email: bert.vanhove@wur.nl
  organization: Wageningen University, Meteorology and Air Quality Group and Earth System Science Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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ISSN 0360-1323
IngestDate Tue Jan 05 18:10:37 EST 2021
Tue Oct 07 09:28:52 EDT 2025
Tue Oct 07 09:53:50 EDT 2025
Tue Nov 18 22:25:14 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 01:36:13 EST 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:31:51 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Keywords Long-term perception
Mean radiant temperature
Environmental psychology
Air temperature
Vegetation
Park
Language English
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Snippet Green infrastructure can improve thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces in moderate climates. The impact of green spaces on thermal comfort is often...
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SubjectTerms Air temperature
behavior
Canopies
cities
City centres
climate
environment
Environmental psychology
Grasslands
Infrastructure
island
Long-term perception
Mean radiant temperature
Park
Parks
Perception
public-health
temperature
Thermal comfort
Vegetation
Title Psychological and physical impact of urban green spaces on outdoor thermal comfort during summertime in The Netherlands
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