The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these...

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Published in:BMC medicine Vol. 16; no. 1; pp. 112 - 13
Main Authors: Machado, Myrela O., Veronese, Nicola, Sanches, Marcos, Stubbs, Brendon, Koyanagi, Ai, Thompson, Trevor, Tzoulaki, Ioanna, Solmi, Marco, Vancampfort, Davy, Schuch, Felipe B., Maes, Michael, Fava, Giovanni A., Ioannidis, John P. A., Carvalho, André F.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London BioMed Central 20.07.2018
BioMed Central Ltd
Springer Nature B.V
BMC
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ISSN:1741-7015, 1741-7015
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Abstract Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear. Methods We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was graded as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak based on quantitative criteria that included an assessment of heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias. Results A total of 26 references providing 2 systematic reviews and data for 17 meta-analytic estimates met inclusion criteria (19 of them on all-cause mortality); data from 246 unique studies ( N  = 3,825,380) were synthesized. All 17 associations had P  < 0.05 per random effects summary effects, but none of them met criteria for convincing evidence. Associations of depression and all-cause mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction, in individuals with heart failure, in cancer patients as well as in samples from mixed settings met criteria for highly suggestive evidence. However, none of the associations remained supported by highly suggestive evidence in sensitivity analyses that considered studies employing structured diagnostic interviews. In addition, associations of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer and post-acute myocardial infarction samples were supported only by suggestive evidence when studies that tried to adjust for potential confounders were considered. Conclusions Even though associations between depression and mortality have nominally significant results in all assessed settings and populations, the evidence becomes weaker when focusing on studies that used structured interviews and those that tried to adjust for potential confounders. A causal effect of depression on all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains unproven, and thus interventions targeting depression are not expected to result in lower mortality rates at least based on current evidence from observational studies.
AbstractList Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear. Methods We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was graded as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak based on quantitative criteria that included an assessment of heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias. Results A total of 26 references providing 2 systematic reviews and data for 17 meta-analytic estimates met inclusion criteria (19 of them on all-cause mortality); data from 246 unique studies ( N  = 3,825,380) were synthesized. All 17 associations had P  < 0.05 per random effects summary effects, but none of them met criteria for convincing evidence. Associations of depression and all-cause mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction, in individuals with heart failure, in cancer patients as well as in samples from mixed settings met criteria for highly suggestive evidence. However, none of the associations remained supported by highly suggestive evidence in sensitivity analyses that considered studies employing structured diagnostic interviews. In addition, associations of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer and post-acute myocardial infarction samples were supported only by suggestive evidence when studies that tried to adjust for potential confounders were considered. Conclusions Even though associations between depression and mortality have nominally significant results in all assessed settings and populations, the evidence becomes weaker when focusing on studies that used structured interviews and those that tried to adjust for potential confounders. A causal effect of depression on all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains unproven, and thus interventions targeting depression are not expected to result in lower mortality rates at least based on current evidence from observational studies.
[...]we used credibility ceilings, which is a method of sensitivity analyses to account for potential methodological limitations of observational studies that might lead to spurious precision of combined effect estimates. Furthermore, when only studies that provided adjusted estimates were considered, associations of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer and post-acute myocardial infarction dropped to suggestive evidence. [...]the association of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer was supported by suggestive evidence only when studies that adjusted at least for age and sex were assessed in analysis. [...]a recent study pooled evidence from 15 systematic reviews and meta-analyses and observed that evidence that depression is associated with all-cause mortality remains inconclusive [84]. [...]the Ioannidis test has relatively low power in a context of high heterogeneity [42], while the assumption that the largest study could approximate the underlying ‘true’ effect size of a meta-analysis may be less straightforward for observational studies than for randomized controlled trials.
Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear.BACKGROUNDDepression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear.We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was graded as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak based on quantitative criteria that included an assessment of heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias.METHODSWe conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was graded as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak based on quantitative criteria that included an assessment of heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias.A total of 26 references providing 2 systematic reviews and data for 17 meta-analytic estimates met inclusion criteria (19 of them on all-cause mortality); data from 246 unique studies (N = 3,825,380) were synthesized. All 17 associations had P < 0.05 per random effects summary effects, but none of them met criteria for convincing evidence. Associations of depression and all-cause mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction, in individuals with heart failure, in cancer patients as well as in samples from mixed settings met criteria for highly suggestive evidence. However, none of the associations remained supported by highly suggestive evidence in sensitivity analyses that considered studies employing structured diagnostic interviews. In addition, associations of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer and post-acute myocardial infarction samples were supported only by suggestive evidence when studies that tried to adjust for potential confounders were considered.RESULTSA total of 26 references providing 2 systematic reviews and data for 17 meta-analytic estimates met inclusion criteria (19 of them on all-cause mortality); data from 246 unique studies (N = 3,825,380) were synthesized. All 17 associations had P < 0.05 per random effects summary effects, but none of them met criteria for convincing evidence. Associations of depression and all-cause mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction, in individuals with heart failure, in cancer patients as well as in samples from mixed settings met criteria for highly suggestive evidence. However, none of the associations remained supported by highly suggestive evidence in sensitivity analyses that considered studies employing structured diagnostic interviews. In addition, associations of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer and post-acute myocardial infarction samples were supported only by suggestive evidence when studies that tried to adjust for potential confounders were considered.Even though associations between depression and mortality have nominally significant results in all assessed settings and populations, the evidence becomes weaker when focusing on studies that used structured interviews and those that tried to adjust for potential confounders. A causal effect of depression on all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains unproven, and thus interventions targeting depression are not expected to result in lower mortality rates at least based on current evidence from observational studies.CONCLUSIONSEven though associations between depression and mortality have nominally significant results in all assessed settings and populations, the evidence becomes weaker when focusing on studies that used structured interviews and those that tried to adjust for potential confounders. A causal effect of depression on all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains unproven, and thus interventions targeting depression are not expected to result in lower mortality rates at least based on current evidence from observational studies.
Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear. We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was graded as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak based on quantitative criteria that included an assessment of heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias. A total of 26 references providing 2 systematic reviews and data for 17 meta-analytic estimates met inclusion criteria (19 of them on all-cause mortality); data from 246 unique studies (N = 3,825,380) were synthesized. All 17 associations had P < 0.05 per random effects summary effects, but none of them met criteria for convincing evidence. Associations of depression and all-cause mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction, in individuals with heart failure, in cancer patients as well as in samples from mixed settings met criteria for highly suggestive evidence. However, none of the associations remained supported by highly suggestive evidence in sensitivity analyses that considered studies employing structured diagnostic interviews. In addition, associations of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer and post-acute myocardial infarction samples were supported only by suggestive evidence when studies that tried to adjust for potential confounders were considered. Even though associations between depression and mortality have nominally significant results in all assessed settings and populations, the evidence becomes weaker when focusing on studies that used structured interviews and those that tried to adjust for potential confounders. A causal effect of depression on all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains unproven, and thus interventions targeting depression are not expected to result in lower mortality rates at least based on current evidence from observational studies.
Abstract Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear. Methods We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was graded as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak based on quantitative criteria that included an assessment of heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, small-study effects, and excess significance bias. Results A total of 26 references providing 2 systematic reviews and data for 17 meta-analytic estimates met inclusion criteria (19 of them on all-cause mortality); data from 246 unique studies (N = 3,825,380) were synthesized. All 17 associations had P < 0.05 per random effects summary effects, but none of them met criteria for convincing evidence. Associations of depression and all-cause mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction, in individuals with heart failure, in cancer patients as well as in samples from mixed settings met criteria for highly suggestive evidence. However, none of the associations remained supported by highly suggestive evidence in sensitivity analyses that considered studies employing structured diagnostic interviews. In addition, associations of depression and all-cause mortality in cancer and post-acute myocardial infarction samples were supported only by suggestive evidence when studies that tried to adjust for potential confounders were considered. Conclusions Even though associations between depression and mortality have nominally significant results in all assessed settings and populations, the evidence becomes weaker when focusing on studies that used structured interviews and those that tried to adjust for potential confounders. A causal effect of depression on all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains unproven, and thus interventions targeting depression are not expected to result in lower mortality rates at least based on current evidence from observational studies.
ArticleNumber 112
Audience Academic
Author Machado, Myrela O.
Schuch, Felipe B.
Carvalho, André F.
Stubbs, Brendon
Sanches, Marcos
Ioannidis, John P. A.
Thompson, Trevor
Koyanagi, Ai
Fava, Giovanni A.
Tzoulaki, Ioanna
Veronese, Nicola
Vancampfort, Davy
Maes, Michael
Solmi, Marco
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Myrela O.
  surname: Machado
  fullname: Machado, Myrela O.
  organization: Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Nicola
  surname: Veronese
  fullname: Veronese, Nicola
  organization: Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Marcos
  surname: Sanches
  fullname: Sanches, Marcos
  organization: Biostatistical Consulting Unit, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Brendon
  surname: Stubbs
  fullname: Stubbs, Brendon
  organization: Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Ai
  surname: Koyanagi
  fullname: Koyanagi, Ai
  organization: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Trevor
  surname: Thompson
  fullname: Thompson, Trevor
  organization: Faculty of Education and Health, University of Greenwich
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Ioanna
  surname: Tzoulaki
  fullname: Tzoulaki, Ioanna
  organization: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Marco
  surname: Solmi
  fullname: Solmi, Marco
  organization: Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Davy
  surname: Vancampfort
  fullname: Vancampfort, Davy
  organization: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Felipe B.
  surname: Schuch
  fullname: Schuch, Felipe B.
  organization: Centro Universitário La Salle, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Michael
  surname: Maes
  fullname: Maes, Michael
  organization: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Giovanni A.
  surname: Fava
  fullname: Fava, Giovanni A.
  organization: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Department of Psychiatry, Erie County Medical Center
– sequence: 13
  givenname: John P. A.
  surname: Ioannidis
  fullname: Ioannidis, John P. A.
  organization: Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Department of Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University
– sequence: 14
  givenname: André F.
  surname: Carvalho
  fullname: Carvalho, André F.
  email: andre.carvalho@camh.ca, andrefc7@hotmail.com
  organization: Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH)
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30025524$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords Meta-analyses
Mortality
All-cause
Cause-specific
Systematic reviews
Depression
Survival
Psychiatry
Umbrella review
Language English
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– reference: 30134899 - BMC Med. 2018 Aug 23;16(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s12916-018-1144-1.
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Snippet Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested...
Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that...
[...]we used credibility ceilings, which is a method of sensitivity analyses to account for potential methodological limitations of observational studies that...
Abstract Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has...
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SubjectTerms All-cause
Analysis
Anxiety
Biomedicine
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Care and treatment
Cause of Death - trends
Cause-specific
Depression
Depression - mortality
Depression - pathology
Depression, Mental
Diagnosis
Evidence-based medicine
Humans
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Mental depression
Mental disorders
Meta-analyses
Meta-analysis
Meta-Analysis as Topic
Mortality
Myocardial infarction
Observational Studies as Topic
Research Article
Risk factors
Sensitivity analysis
Survival Rate
Systematic review
Systematic reviews
Systematic Reviews as Topic
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Title The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
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Volume 16
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