Serological differentiation between COVID-19 and SARS infections

In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, multiple diagnostic tests are required for acute disease diagnosis, contact tracing, monitoring asymptomatic infection rates and assessing herd immunity. While PCR remains the frontline test of choice in the acute...

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Published in:	Emerging microbes & infections Vol. 9; no. 1; pp. 1497 - 1505
Main Authors:	Chia, Wan Ni, Tan, Chee Wah, Foo, Randy, Kang, Adrian Eng Zheng, Peng, Yilong, Sivalingam, Velraj, Tiu, Charles, Ong, Xin Mei, Zhu, Feng, Young, Barnaby E., Chen, Mark I.-C., Tan, Yee-Joo, Lye, David C., Anderson, Danielle E., Wang, Lin-Fa
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Taylor & Francis 01.01.2020 Taylor & Francis Ltd Taylor & Francis Group
Subjects:	Antibodies Antibodies, Viral - blood Antibodies, Viral - immunology antibody Betacoronavirus - immunology Betacoronavirus - isolation & purification Clinical Laboratory Techniques - methods Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 diagnostic tests COVID-19 Testing Cross Reactions Diagnosis, Differential Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods HEK293 Cells Humans Immunoprecipitation Nucleocapsid Proteins - immunology Pandemics Phosphoproteins Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis Protein Domains - immunology SARS SARS Virus - immunology SARS Virus - isolation & purification SARS-CoV-2 Serologic Tests - methods Serology Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - diagnosis Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology COVID-19 SARS SARS-CoV-2 antibody serology
ISSN:	2222-1751, 2222-1751
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Abstract	In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, multiple diagnostic tests are required for acute disease diagnosis, contact tracing, monitoring asymptomatic infection rates and assessing herd immunity. While PCR remains the frontline test of choice in the acute diagnostic setting, serological tests are urgently needed. Unlike PCR tests which are highly specific, cross-reactivity is a major challenge for COVID-19 antibody tests considering there are six other coronaviruses known to infect humans. SARS-CoV is genetically related to SARS-CoV-2 sharing approximately 80% sequence identity and both belong to the species SARS related coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus of family Coronaviridae. We developed and compared the performance of four different serological tests to comprehensively assess the cross-reactivity between COVID-19 and SARS patient sera. There is significant cross-reactivity when N protein of either virus is used. The S1 or RBD regions from the spike (S) protein offers better specificity. Amongst the different platforms, capture ELISA performed best. We found that SARS survivors all have significant levels of antibodies remaining in their blood 17 years after infection. Anti-N antibodies waned more than anti-RBD antibodies, and the latter is known to play a more important role in providing protective immunity.
AbstractList	In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, multiple diagnostic tests are required for acute disease diagnosis, contact tracing, monitoring asymptomatic infection rates and assessing herd immunity. While PCR remains the frontline test of choice in the acute diagnostic setting, serological tests are urgently needed. Unlike PCR tests which are highly specific, cross-reactivity is a major challenge for COVID-19 antibody tests considering there are six other coronaviruses known to infect humans. SARS-CoV is genetically related to SARS-CoV-2 sharing approximately 80% sequence identity and both belong to the species SARS related coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus of family Coronaviridae. We developed and compared the performance of four different serological tests to comprehensively assess the cross-reactivity between COVID-19 and SARS patient sera. There is significant cross-reactivity when N protein of either virus is used. The S1 or RBD regions from the spike (S) protein offers better specificity. Amongst the different platforms, capture ELISA performed best. We found that SARS survivors all have significant levels of antibodies remaining in their blood 17 years after infection. Anti-N antibodies waned more than anti-RBD antibodies, and the latter is known to play a more important role in providing protective immunity. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, multiple diagnostic tests are required for acute disease diagnosis, contact tracing, monitoring asymptomatic infection rates and assessing herd immunity. While PCR remains the frontline test of choice in the acute diagnostic setting, serological tests are urgently needed. Unlike PCR tests which are highly specific, cross-reactivity is a major challenge for COVID-19 antibody tests considering there are six other coronaviruses known to infect humans. SARS-CoV is genetically related to SARS-CoV-2 sharing approximately 80% sequence identity and both belong to the species in the genus of family . We developed and compared the performance of four different serological tests to comprehensively assess the cross-reactivity between COVID-19 and SARS patient sera. There is significant cross-reactivity when N protein of either virus is used. The S1 or RBD regions from the spike (S) protein offers better specificity. Amongst the different platforms, capture ELISA performed best. We found that SARS survivors all have significant levels of antibodies remaining in their blood 17 years after infection. Anti-N antibodies waned more than anti-RBD antibodies, and the latter is known to play a more important role in providing protective immunity. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, multiple diagnostic tests are required for acute disease diagnosis, contact tracing, monitoring asymptomatic infection rates and assessing herd immunity. While PCR remains the frontline test of choice in the acute diagnostic setting, serological tests are urgently needed. Unlike PCR tests which are highly specific, cross-reactivity is a major challenge for COVID-19 antibody tests considering there are six other coronaviruses known to infect humans. SARS-CoV is genetically related to SARS-CoV-2 sharing approximately 80% sequence identity and both belong to the species SARS related coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus of family Coronaviridae. We developed and compared the performance of four different serological tests to comprehensively assess the cross-reactivity between COVID-19 and SARS patient sera. There is significant cross-reactivity when N protein of either virus is used. The S1 or RBD regions from the spike (S) protein offers better specificity. Amongst the different platforms, capture ELISA performed best. We found that SARS survivors all have significant levels of antibodies remaining in their blood 17 years after infection. Anti-N antibodies waned more than anti-RBD antibodies, and the latter is known to play a more important role in providing protective immunity.In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by SARS-CoV-2, multiple diagnostic tests are required for acute disease diagnosis, contact tracing, monitoring asymptomatic infection rates and assessing herd immunity. While PCR remains the frontline test of choice in the acute diagnostic setting, serological tests are urgently needed. Unlike PCR tests which are highly specific, cross-reactivity is a major challenge for COVID-19 antibody tests considering there are six other coronaviruses known to infect humans. SARS-CoV is genetically related to SARS-CoV-2 sharing approximately 80% sequence identity and both belong to the species SARS related coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus of family Coronaviridae. We developed and compared the performance of four different serological tests to comprehensively assess the cross-reactivity between COVID-19 and SARS patient sera. There is significant cross-reactivity when N protein of either virus is used. The S1 or RBD regions from the spike (S) protein offers better specificity. Amongst the different platforms, capture ELISA performed best. We found that SARS survivors all have significant levels of antibodies remaining in their blood 17 years after infection. Anti-N antibodies waned more than anti-RBD antibodies, and the latter is known to play a more important role in providing protective immunity.
Author	Sivalingam, Velraj Lye, David C. Peng, Yilong Chia, Wan Ni Tiu, Charles Anderson, Danielle E. Zhu, Feng Ong, Xin Mei Wang, Lin-Fa Young, Barnaby E. Tan, Yee-Joo Chen, Mark I.-C. Tan, Chee Wah Foo, Randy Kang, Adrian Eng Zheng
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Wan Ni orcidid: 0000-0001-7287-694X surname: Chia fullname: Chia, Wan Ni organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 2 givenname: Chee Wah orcidid: 0000-0001-9837-1413 surname: Tan fullname: Tan, Chee Wah organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 3 givenname: Randy surname: Foo fullname: Foo, Randy organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 4 givenname: Adrian Eng Zheng surname: Kang fullname: Kang, Adrian Eng Zheng organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 5 givenname: Yilong surname: Peng fullname: Peng, Yilong organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 6 givenname: Velraj surname: Sivalingam fullname: Sivalingam, Velraj organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 7 givenname: Charles surname: Tiu fullname: Tiu, Charles organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 8 givenname: Xin Mei surname: Ong fullname: Ong, Xin Mei organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 9 givenname: Feng orcidid: 0000-0002-8131-1219 surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Feng organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 10 givenname: Barnaby E. surname: Young fullname: Young, Barnaby E. organization: Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University – sequence: 11 givenname: Mark I.-C. orcidid: 0000-0001-9369-5830 surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Mark I.-C. organization: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore – sequence: 12 givenname: Yee-Joo surname: Tan fullname: Tan, Yee-Joo organization: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) – sequence: 13 givenname: David C. surname: Lye fullname: Lye, David C. organization: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore – sequence: 14 givenname: Danielle E. orcidid: 0000-0003-4791-5024 surname: Anderson fullname: Anderson, Danielle E. email: danielle.anderson@duke-nus.edu.sg organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School – sequence: 15 givenname: Lin-Fa orcidid: 0000-0003-2752-0535 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Lin-Fa email: linfa.wang@duke-nus.edu.sg organization: Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School
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Copyright	2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd 2020 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd 2020 The Author(s)
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SubjectTerms	Antibodies Antibodies, Viral - blood Antibodies, Viral - immunology antibody Betacoronavirus - immunology Betacoronavirus - isolation & purification Clinical Laboratory Techniques - methods Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 diagnostic tests COVID-19 Testing Cross Reactions Diagnosis, Differential Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay - methods HEK293 Cells Humans Immunoprecipitation Nucleocapsid Proteins - immunology Pandemics Phosphoproteins Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis Protein Domains - immunology SARS SARS Virus - immunology SARS Virus - isolation & purification SARS-CoV-2 Serologic Tests - methods Serology Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - diagnosis Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus - immunology
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Title	Serological differentiation between COVID-19 and SARS infections
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