An improved method for determining dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed...

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Vydáno v:	Chemosphere (Oxford) Ročník 198; s. 274 - 280
Hlavní autoři:	Strandberg, Bo, Julander, Anneli, Sjöström, Mattias, Lewné, Marie, Hatice, Koca Akdeva, Bigert, Carolina
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2018
Témata:	air Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin carcinogens Carcinogens - analysis Dermal exposure dialysis dust Dust - analysis Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental Sciences & Ecology fire fighters Firefighters gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - methods Gases - analysis Health Sciences Humans Hälsovetenskap lipid removal Medical and Health Sciences Medicin och hälsovetenskap nickel occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data Occupational Health and Environmental Health office workers PAHs permeation polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis samples Semipermeable membranes skin Skin - chemistry solvents tape-stripping technique Tape-strips workers PAHs Dermal exposure Tape-strips Semipermeable membranes
ISSN:	0045-6535, 1879-1298, 1879-1298
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Abstract	Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but subsequent extraction of sampling tapes in organic solvent also releases diverse co-eluting substances that are difficult to remove before analysis of the PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective of this study was to optimise a procedure for analytical clean-up after extraction of 32 PAHs from tape-strips, by dialysis in organic solvent using semipermeable membranes. With triplicate subsamples, the developed method yields acceptable precision and repeatability for both the 32 PAHs, across the concentration range 10–160 ng per sample, and for a certified reference material (urban dust). The optimized clean-up procedure and GC/MS methodology was used to assess PAHs on skin from the lower part of the ventral side of the wrist and just below the collar bone of three firefighters and seven controls (office workers). Several gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were detected in all samples, including controls. Thus, the optimized procedure using semipermeable membranes for clean-up of tape-strip extracts can be used to assess the dermal exposure of both occupational and general populations to multiple PAHs. The results also show that both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, may be present on skin. •The procedure can clean-up tape-strips to assess dermal exposure to multiple PAHs.•The procedure is simple, non-destructive and gives clean extracts for GC/MS analysis.•The method can be used in working exposure situations and in the general population.•Both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, could be detected.
AbstractList	Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but subsequent extraction of sampling tapes in organic solvent also releases diverse co-eluting substances that are difficult to remove before analysis of the PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective of this study was to optimise a procedure for analytical clean-up after extraction of 32 PAHs from tape-strips, by dialysis in organic solvent using semipermeable membranes. With triplicate subsamples, the developed method yields acceptable precision and repeatability for both the 32 PAHs, across the concentration range 10–160 ng per sample, and for a certified reference material (urban dust). The optimized clean-up procedure and GC/MS methodologywas used to assess PAHs on skin from the lower part of the ventral side of the wrist and just below the collar bone of three firefighters and seven controls (office workers). Several gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were detected in all samples, including controls. Thus, the optimized procedure using semipermeable membranes for clean-up of tape-strip extracts can be used to assess the dermal exposure of both occupational and general populations to multiple PAHs. The results also show that both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, may be present on skin. Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but subsequent extraction of sampling tapes in organic solvent also releases diverse co-eluting substances that are difficult to remove before analysis of the PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective of this study was to optimise a procedure for analytical clean-up after extraction of 32 PAHs from tape-strips, by dialysis in organic solvent using semipermeable membranes. With triplicate subsamples, the developed method yields acceptable precision and repeatability for both the 32 PAHs, across the concentration range 10-160 ng per sample, and for a certified reference material (urban dust). The optimized clean-up procedure and GC/MS methodology was used to assess PAHs on skin from the lower part of the ventral side of the wrist and just below the collar bone of three firefighters and seven controls (office workers). Several gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were detected in all samples, including controls. Thus, the optimized procedure using semipermeable membranes for clean-up of tape-strip extracts can be used to assess the dermal exposure of both occupational and general populations to multiple PAHs. The results also show that both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, may be present on skin. Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but subsequent extraction of sampling tapes in organic solvent also releases diverse co-eluting substances that are difficult to remove before analysis of the PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective of this study was to optimise a procedure for analytical clean-up after extraction of 32 PAHs from tape-strips, by dialysis in organic solvent using semipermeable membranes. With triplicate subsamples, the developed method yields acceptable precision and repeatability for both the 32 PAHs, across the concentration range 10-160 ng per sample, and for a certified reference material (urban dust). The optimized clean-up procedure and GC/MS methodology was used to assess PAHs on skin from the lower part of the ventral side of the wrist and just below the collar bone of three firefighters and seven controls (office workers). Several gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were detected in all samples, including controls. Thus, the optimized procedure using semipermeable membranes for clean-up of tape-strip extracts can be used to assess the dermal exposure of both occupational and general populations to multiple PAHs. The results also show that both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, may be present on skin.Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but subsequent extraction of sampling tapes in organic solvent also releases diverse co-eluting substances that are difficult to remove before analysis of the PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective of this study was to optimise a procedure for analytical clean-up after extraction of 32 PAHs from tape-strips, by dialysis in organic solvent using semipermeable membranes. With triplicate subsamples, the developed method yields acceptable precision and repeatability for both the 32 PAHs, across the concentration range 10-160 ng per sample, and for a certified reference material (urban dust). The optimized clean-up procedure and GC/MS methodology was used to assess PAHs on skin from the lower part of the ventral side of the wrist and just below the collar bone of three firefighters and seven controls (office workers). Several gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were detected in all samples, including controls. Thus, the optimized procedure using semipermeable membranes for clean-up of tape-strip extracts can be used to assess the dermal exposure of both occupational and general populations to multiple PAHs. The results also show that both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, may be present on skin. Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but subsequent extraction of sampling tapes in organic solvent also releases diverse co-eluting substances that are difficult to remove before analysis of the PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective of this study was to optimise a procedure for analytical clean-up after extraction of 32 PAHs from tape-strips, by dialysis in organic solvent using semipermeable membranes. With triplicate subsamples, the developed method yields acceptable precision and repeatability for both the 32 PAHs, across the concentration range 10–160 ng per sample, and for a certified reference material (urban dust). The optimized clean-up procedure and GC/MS methodology was used to assess PAHs on skin from the lower part of the ventral side of the wrist and just below the collar bone of three firefighters and seven controls (office workers). Several gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were detected in all samples, including controls. Thus, the optimized procedure using semipermeable membranes for clean-up of tape-strip extracts can be used to assess the dermal exposure of both occupational and general populations to multiple PAHs. The results also show that both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, may be present on skin. •The procedure can clean-up tape-strips to assess dermal exposure to multiple PAHs.•The procedure is simple, non-destructive and gives clean extracts for GC/MS analysis.•The method can be used in working exposure situations and in the general population.•Both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, could be detected.
Author	Lewné, Marie Hatice, Koca Akdeva Strandberg, Bo Julander, Anneli Bigert, Carolina Sjöström, Mattias
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Bo orcidid: 0000-0001-5267-6254 surname: Strandberg fullname: Strandberg, Bo email: bo.strandberg@med.lu.se organization: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden – sequence: 2 givenname: Anneli orcidid: 0000-0003-2131-4896 surname: Julander fullname: Julander, Anneli organization: Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 3 givenname: Mattias surname: Sjöström fullname: Sjöström, Mattias organization: Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 4 givenname: Marie surname: Lewné fullname: Lewné, Marie organization: Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 5 givenname: Koca Akdeva orcidid: 0000-0002-6577-4264 surname: Hatice fullname: Hatice, Koca Akdeva organization: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden – sequence: 6 givenname: Carolina surname: Bigert fullname: Bigert, Carolina organization: Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Keywords	PAHs Dermal exposure Tape-strips Semipermeable membranes
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Snippet	Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or...
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SubjectTerms	air Air Pollutants, Occupational - analysis Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin carcinogens Carcinogens - analysis Dermal exposure dialysis dust Dust - analysis Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental Sciences & Ecology fire fighters Firefighters gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - methods Gases - analysis Health Sciences Humans Hälsovetenskap lipid removal Medical and Health Sciences Medicin och hälsovetenskap nickel occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational Exposure - statistics & numerical data Occupational Health and Environmental Health office workers PAHs permeation polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis samples Semipermeable membranes skin Skin - chemistry solvents tape-stripping technique Tape-strips workers
Title	An improved method for determining dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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