Agglomeration Effects in Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into “pollution havens”? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct inves...

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Vydáno v:	Environmental & resource economics Ročník 43; číslo 2; s. 231 - 256
Hlavní autoři:	Wagner, Ulrich J, Timmins, Christopher D
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Dordrecht Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands 01.06.2009 Springer Netherlands European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Springer Nature B.V
Edice:	Environmental & Resource Economics
Témata:	Agglomeration Agglomeration effects Agreements Chemical industry Competition Competitive advantage Competitiveness Congestion effects Econometrics Economic Policy Economics Economics and Finance Endogenous Environmental Economics environmental law Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice Environmental Management Environmental protection Environmental regulation Environmental regulations Expenditures Externality F18 F23 Foreign direct investment Foreign investment German manufacturing Germany Hypotheses Industrial concentration International trade Manufacturing Manufacturing industry Panel data Plant location Pollution Pollution control Pollution havens Q52 Regulation Studies Germany Congestion effects Panel data German manufacturing F23 Foreign direct investment Agglomeration effects Environmental regulation F18 Pollution havens Q52
ISSN:	0924-6460, 1573-1502
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Abstract	Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into “pollution havens”? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry.
AbstractList	Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into 'pollution havens'? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry. Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into "pollution havens"? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Does environmental regulation impair international competitiveness of pollution-intensive industries to the extent that they relocate to countries with less stringent regulation, turning those countries into "pollution havens"? We test this hypothesis using panel data on outward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows of various industries in the German manufacturing sector and account for several econometric issues that have been ignored in previous studies. Most importantly, we demonstrate that externalities associated with FDI agglomeration can bias estimates away from finding a pollution haven effect if omitted from the analysis. We include the stock of inward FDI as a proxy for agglomeration and employ a GMM estimator to control for endogenous time-varying determinants of FDI flows. Furthermore, we propose a difference estimator based on the least polluting industry to break the possible correlation between environmental regulatory stringency and unobservable attributes of FDI recipients in the cross-section. When accounting for these issues we find robust evidence of a pollution haven effect for the chemical industry. Reprinted by permission of Springer
Author	Wagner, Ulrich J Timmins, Christopher D
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SubjectTerms	Agglomeration Agglomeration effects Agreements Chemical industry Competition Competitive advantage Competitiveness Congestion effects Econometrics Economic Policy Economics Economics and Finance Endogenous Environmental Economics environmental law Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice Environmental Management Environmental protection Environmental regulation Environmental regulations Expenditures Externality F18 F23 Foreign direct investment Foreign investment German manufacturing Germany Hypotheses Industrial concentration International trade Manufacturing Manufacturing industry Panel data Plant location Pollution Pollution control Pollution havens Q52 Regulation Studies
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Title	Agglomeration Effects in Foreign Direct Investment and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis
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