Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents

The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents remains very significant. Several million children and adolescents are infected with TB each year worldwide following exposure to an infectious TB case and the risk of progression from TB infection to tuberculosis disease is higher in this...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Pathogens (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 12; p. 1512
Main Authors: Tchakounte Youngui, Boris, Tchounga, Boris Kevin, Graham, Stephen M., Bonnet, Maryline
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 09.12.2022
MDPI
Subjects:
Adolescents
Age
Antigens
cell-mediated immunity
Children
Children & youth
Communicable diseases in children
Diagnosis
Drug therapy
Exposure
HIV
Households
Human immunodeficiency virus
Immune response
Immune response (cell-mediated)
Immune system
Immunology
Indoor air quality
Infections
Life Sciences
Microbiology and Parasitology
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Observational studies
Pediatric research
Review
risk
Risk analysis
Risk factors
risk reduction
Teenagers
Tuberculosis
tuberculosis infection
Vaccines
World Health Organization
France
South Africa
adolescents
children
tuberculosis infection
ISSN:2076-0817, 2076-0817
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents remains very significant. Several million children and adolescents are infected with TB each year worldwide following exposure to an infectious TB case and the risk of progression from TB infection to tuberculosis disease is higher in this group compared to adults. This review describes the risk factors for TB infection in children and adolescents. Following TB exposure, the risk of TB infection is determined by a combination of index case characteristics, contact features, and environmental determinants. We also present the recently recommended approaches to diagnose and treat TB infection as well as novel tests for infection. The tests for TB infection have limitations and diagnosis still relies on an indirect immunological assessment of cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens using immunodiagnostic testing. It is recommended that TB exposed children and adolescents and those living with HIV receive TB preventive treatment (TPT) to reduce the risk of progression to TB disease. Several TPT regimens of similar effectiveness and safety are now available and recommended by the World Health Organisation.
AbstractList The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents remains very significant. Several million children and adolescents are infected with TB each year worldwide following exposure to an infectious TB case and the risk of progression from TB infection to tuberculosis disease is higher in this group compared to adults. This review describes the risk factors for TB infection in children and adolescents. Following TB exposure, the risk of TB infection is determined by a combination of index case characteristics, contact features, and environmental determinants. We also present the recently recommended approaches to diagnose and treat TB infection as well as novel tests for infection. The tests for TB infection have limitations and diagnosis still relies on an indirect immunological assessment of cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens using immunodiagnostic testing. It is recommended that TB exposed children and adolescents and those living with HIV receive TB preventive treatment (TPT) to reduce the risk of progression to TB disease. Several TPT regimens of similar effectiveness and safety are now available and recommended by the World Health Organisation.
The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents remains very significant. Several million children and adolescents are infected with TB each year worldwide following exposure to an infectious TB case and the risk of progression from TB infection to tuberculosis disease is higher in this group compared to adults. This review describes the risk factors for TB infection in children and adolescents. Following TB exposure, the risk of TB infection is determined by a combination of index case characteristics, contact features, and environmental determinants. We also present the recently recommended approaches to diagnose and treat TB infection as well as novel tests for infection. The tests for TB infection have limitations and diagnosis still relies on an indirect immunological assessment of cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens using immunodiagnostic testing. It is recommended that TB exposed children and adolescents and those living with HIV receive TB preventive treatment (TPT) to reduce the risk of progression to TB disease. Several TPT regimens of similar effectiveness and safety are now available and recommended by the World Health Organisation.The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents remains very significant. Several million children and adolescents are infected with TB each year worldwide following exposure to an infectious TB case and the risk of progression from TB infection to tuberculosis disease is higher in this group compared to adults. This review describes the risk factors for TB infection in children and adolescents. Following TB exposure, the risk of TB infection is determined by a combination of index case characteristics, contact features, and environmental determinants. We also present the recently recommended approaches to diagnose and treat TB infection as well as novel tests for infection. The tests for TB infection have limitations and diagnosis still relies on an indirect immunological assessment of cellular immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens using immunodiagnostic testing. It is recommended that TB exposed children and adolescents and those living with HIV receive TB preventive treatment (TPT) to reduce the risk of progression to TB disease. Several TPT regimens of similar effectiveness and safety are now available and recommended by the World Health Organisation.
The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents remains very significant. Several million children and adolescents are infected with TB each year worldwide following exposure to an infectious TB case and the risk of progression from TB infection to tuberculosis disease is higher in this group compared to adults. This review describes the risk factors for TB infection in children and adolescents. Following TB exposure, the risk of TB infection is determined by a combination of index case characteristics, contact features, and environmental determinants. We also present the recently recommended approaches to diagnose and treat TB infection as well as novel tests for infection. The tests for TB infection have limitations and diagnosis still relies on an indirect immunological assessment of cellular immune response to antigens using immunodiagnostic testing. It is recommended that TB exposed children and adolescents and those living with HIV receive TB preventive treatment (TPT) to reduce the risk of progression to TB disease. Several TPT regimens of similar effectiveness and safety are now available and recommended by the World Health Organisation.
Audience Academic
Author Bonnet, Maryline
Tchakounte Youngui, Boris
Tchounga, Boris Kevin
Graham, Stephen M.
AuthorAffiliation 1 TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
2 Department of Public Health Evaluation and Research, Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation, Yaoundé 99322, Cameroon
3 Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
– name: 2 Department of Public Health Evaluation and Research, Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation, Yaoundé 99322, Cameroon
– name: 3 Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Boris
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1817-4845
  surname: Tchakounte Youngui
  fullname: Tchakounte Youngui, Boris
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Boris Kevin
  surname: Tchounga
  fullname: Tchounga, Boris Kevin
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Stephen M.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3525-2294
  surname: Graham
  fullname: Graham, Stephen M.
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Maryline
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1071-7393
  surname: Bonnet
  fullname: Bonnet, Maryline
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36558846$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://hal.science/hal-05087285$$DView record in HAL
BookMark eNqFUk1vGyEURFWq5qP5Ab1UlnppDk55sHzspZJltY0lS72kZ8QCa2OtwYXdSPn3ZWOnit1WhQPLY2b2McwlOgsxOITeAb6ltMafdrpfx5ULGQAIMCCv0AXBgk-xBHH24vscXee8wWVIPO7foHPKGZOy4heI3A-NS2boYvZ5sgitM72PYeLDZL72nU0uTHSwk5mNncvGhT6_Ra9b3WV3fViv0I-vX-7nd9Pl92-L-Ww5NZyIfloxiym0klaSkrbR0BDHGOG1sHUrgXFJNWANrgJitRZMNgaz0pR0REtO6BVa7HVt1Bu1S36r06OK2qunQkwrpVPvTecUNowz23JNJa4Ew7URFauIpFwCtLYqWp_3Wruh2To73iPp7kj0-CT4tVrFB1WL0hGri8DNXmB9QrubLdVYwwxLQSR7gIL9ePhZij8Hl3u19cW6rtPBxSEriitMJRBO_wslxRbADOjYwYcT6CYOKZQXGFFcCEyeTDugVrr44kMby3XMKKpmouKU15KMqNu_oMq0butNyVnrS_2I8P6lf78deA5SAYg9wKSYc3KtMr7XY5SKsu8UYDWmVv2R2sKEE-az-L85vwBJ0uvo
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1051_e3sconf_202560904008
crossref_primary_10_1002_hsr2_70792
crossref_primary_10_1080_23744235_2025_2562230
crossref_primary_10_31893_multiscience_2025376
crossref_primary_10_1002_ppul_71039
crossref_primary_10_1093_cid_ciaf284
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12982_025_00497_7
crossref_primary_10_3390_tropicalmed10030079
crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_70300
crossref_primary_10_20473_jbe_V13I22025_147_155
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms26052006
crossref_primary_10_55489_njmr_150320251103
crossref_primary_10_1002_ppul_27136
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms11071722
crossref_primary_10_69884_hmdj_5_1_0294
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijid_2024_107248
crossref_primary_10_5588_ijtldopen_25_0293
Cites_doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0269219
10.1183/13993003.01578-2017
10.1542/peds.2021-054663
10.3389/fped.2019.00208
10.1371/journal.pone.0002624
10.1183/13993003.00167-2021
10.1097/INF.0000000000002606
10.1164/rccm.202101-0136OC
10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70071-9
10.1183/13993003.01245-2015
10.5588/pha.16.0022
10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02742-2
10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67534-4
10.1056/NEJMra1008049
10.1097/INF.0000000000000680
10.1056/NEJMcp2108501
10.1111/imr.12965
10.3899/jrheum.140100
10.1086/502142
10.1093/aje/152.3.247
10.1155/2013/828939
10.1007/s00431-021-04000-7
10.1183/09031936.00120908
10.1093/clinids/17.6.968
10.3201/eid2503.181596
10.1371/journal.pone.0093137
10.1093/cid/ciab652
10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00462-9
10.1097/INF.0b013e3181a16394
10.4314/ahs.v15i3.20
10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00043-4
10.1016/j.acra.2019.10.003
10.1001/archinte.167.4.335
10.1371/journal.pmed.0040020
10.3390/tropicalmed6030163
10.4081/jphia.2022.2157
10.1016/j.eimc.2015.11.022
10.1183/20734735.0079-2021
10.5588/ijtld.14.0309
10.1111/jpc.13865
10.1016/j.nmni.2022.100958
10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.10.020
10.1183/09031936.00070812
10.1542/peds.2017-3918
10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30166-5
10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00283-2
10.1186/s40814-022-00996-3
10.1183/09031936.00205512
10.1371/journal.pone.0253159
10.1093/cid/cix745
10.1128/JCM.01950-19
10.1002/hsr2.158
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121593
10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.01002.x
10.30978/TB2021-2-86
10.1371/journal.pone.0204554
10.5588/ijtld.10.0631
10.3390/vaccines8040586
10.1080/17476348.2020.1694907
10.1128/JCM.00814-14
10.5588/ijtld.18.0168
10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.07.009
10.1378/chest.08-2048
10.1097/INF.0000000000003265
10.1016/j.ccm.2019.07.008
10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70245-1
10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68507-3
10.1164/rccm.202205-1023ED
10.1128/JCM.00629-18
10.1155/2011/814943
10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.063
10.1183/09031936.00072909
10.1371/journal.pone.0169119
10.1097/MD.0000000000003470
10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00052-3
10.1542/peds.2017-2838
10.1093/infdis/jiz430
10.1111/tmi.13693
10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207687
10.3389/fped.2019.00233
10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30787-4
10.1164/ajrccm.161.supplement_3.ats600
10.1093/cid/ciz1044
10.1136/bmj.g4643
10.1093/aje/kwx025
10.1093/cid/cir068
10.4269/ajtmh.16-0611
10.1093/infdis/jiu138
10.5588/ijtld.19.0712
10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30436-2
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG
2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Attribution
2022 by the authors. 2022
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG
– notice: 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: Attribution
– notice: 2022 by the authors. 2022
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
7T7
8FD
8FE
8FH
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BBNVY
BENPR
BHPHI
C1K
CCPQU
DWQXO
FR3
GNUQQ
HCIFZ
LK8
M7P
P64
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
7S9
L.6
1XC
VOOES
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3390/pathogens11121512
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Journals
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
Biological Science Collection
ProQuest Central
Natural Science Collection
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One
ProQuest Central
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest Central Student
SciTech Premium Collection
Biological Sciences
Biological Science Database (ProQuest)
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Academic (retired)
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
MEDLINE - Academic
AGRICOLA
AGRICOLA - Academic
Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)
Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Central Student
Technology Research Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central China
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
Biological Science Collection
Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
Biological Science Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
MEDLINE - Academic
AGRICOLA
AGRICOLA - Academic
DatabaseTitleList

Publicly Available Content Database
AGRICOLA


MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed
CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: PIMPY
  name: Publicly Available Content Database
  url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Biology
EISSN 2076-0817
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_0c565df6a38047509c74542836811fd4
PMC9784659
oai:HAL:hal-05087285v1
A746369822
36558846
10_3390_pathogens11121512
Genre Journal Article
Review
GeographicLocations France
South Africa
GeographicLocations_xml – name: France
– name: South Africa
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
8FE
8FH
AADQD
AAHBH
AAYXX
ADBBV
AFFHD
AFKRA
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BAWUL
BBNVY
BCNDV
BENPR
BHPHI
CCPQU
CITATION
DIK
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
HYE
IAO
IHR
ITC
KQ8
LK8
M48
M7P
MODMG
M~E
OK1
PGMZT
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQGLB
PROAC
RPM
NPM
7T7
8FD
ABUWG
AZQEC
C1K
DWQXO
FR3
GNUQQ
P64
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
PUEGO
7S9
L.6
1XC
ADRAZ
IPNFZ
RIG
VOOES
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c627t-45d031f834832fba1b2e552697d9f815683a10a1e412daa758bc058468e2a8623
IEDL.DBID DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount 19
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000902878700001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 2076-0817
IngestDate Mon Nov 10 04:35:03 EST 2025
Tue Nov 04 02:07:14 EST 2025
Tue Oct 14 20:44:05 EDT 2025
Thu Oct 02 07:16:51 EDT 2025
Fri Sep 05 12:10:46 EDT 2025
Mon Nov 10 02:58:58 EST 2025
Tue Nov 11 11:05:38 EST 2025
Tue Nov 04 18:23:39 EST 2025
Thu Jan 02 22:53:52 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:12:19 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:50:24 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 12
Keywords adolescents
children
tuberculosis infection
Language English
License Attribution: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c627t-45d031f834832fba1b2e552697d9f815683a10a1e412daa758bc058468e2a8623
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
PMCID: PMC9784659
ORCID 0000-0002-1071-7393
0000-0003-1817-4845
0000-0003-3525-2294
OpenAccessLink https://doaj.org/article/0c565df6a38047509c74542836811fd4
PMID 36558846
PQID 2756770262
PQPubID 2032351
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_0c565df6a38047509c74542836811fd4
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9784659
hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_05087285v1
proquest_miscellaneous_3040381263
proquest_miscellaneous_2758105139
proquest_journals_2756770262
gale_infotracmisc_A746369822
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A746369822
pubmed_primary_36558846
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_pathogens11121512
crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens11121512
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20221209
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-12-09
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2022
  text: 20221209
  day: 9
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle Pathogens (Basel)
PublicationTitleAlternate Pathogens
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References ref_94
Ghanaiee (ref_27) 2022; 45
Whittaker (ref_33) 2019; 7
Pai (ref_39) 2010; 35
Faust (ref_85) 2020; 3
ref_91
ref_90
Kulkarni (ref_101) 2020; 27
Reichler (ref_18) 2020; 71
Marais (ref_98) 2012; 367
ref_99
Andrews (ref_31) 2014; 210
Fox (ref_32) 2013; 41
Cruz (ref_95) 2018; 141
Katelaris (ref_44) 2020; 221
Li (ref_88) 2016; 22
Gajurel (ref_63) 2016; 84
Mahomed (ref_16) 2011; 15
Hamada (ref_87) 2021; 58
Narasimhan (ref_21) 2013; 2013
Mandalakas (ref_77) 2011; 15
Getahun (ref_11) 2015; 46
Comstock (ref_8) 1974; 99
Seddon (ref_19) 2014; 7
Blount (ref_40) 2021; 204
Huang (ref_35) 2014; 18
Yerramsetti (ref_4) 2022; 10
Diel (ref_53) 2013; 42
Huaman (ref_106) 2019; 40
Martinez (ref_46) 2022; 10
ref_76
Vasiliu (ref_100) 2021; 40
Elliot (ref_68) 2018; 54
Krishnamoorthy (ref_29) 2021; 26
Foster (ref_45) 2021; 301
Soysal (ref_42) 2005; 366
Verver (ref_17) 2015; 15
Huebner (ref_58) 1993; 17
Meier (ref_75) 2019; 7
Tebruegge (ref_72) 2014; 52
ref_82
Seddon (ref_60) 2016; 71
Roy (ref_43) 2014; 349
Watkins (ref_61) 2000; 4
Cruz (ref_83) 2019; 25
Seddon (ref_12) 2019; 19
Mastrolia (ref_34) 2019; 28
ref_84
Schwoebel (ref_111) 2020; 24
Morrison (ref_1) 2008; 8
Malik (ref_108) 2021; 5
Long (ref_22) 2022; 6
Bates (ref_38) 2007; 167
Santin (ref_80) 2016; 34
ref_50
Shah (ref_55) 2021; 385
Haustein (ref_71) 2009; 28
ref_56
Santin (ref_69) 2018; 66
ref_51
Herrera (ref_79) 2011; 52
Ruhwald (ref_89) 2017; 5
ref_59
Wood (ref_30) 2010; 14
Siegel (ref_73) 2018; 56
Belay (ref_92) 2021; 2
Yang (ref_57) 2012; 66
Martinez (ref_3) 2020; 395
Martinez (ref_24) 2017; 185
Salgame (ref_13) 2015; 95
Alvarez (ref_109) 2022; 117
Marais (ref_9) 2004; 8
Kontturi (ref_25) 2021; 180
Verma (ref_93) 2020; 70
Kay (ref_116) 2022; 74
Trunz (ref_41) 2006; 367
Spicer (ref_67) 2015; 34
Harries (ref_113) 2020; 14
Diel (ref_66) 2009; 135
(ref_65) 2020; 39
Vynnycky (ref_7) 2000; 152
ref_115
ref_114
Dodd (ref_15) 2014; 2
Lambert (ref_86) 2003; 24
ref_36
Andersen (ref_62) 2000; 356
Hamada (ref_107) 2018; 22
ref_110
Kay (ref_78) 2018; 141
ref_112
Nolt (ref_52) 2021; 148
Karbito (ref_28) 2022; 13
Adetifa (ref_23) 2017; 97
ref_37
Vasiliu (ref_117) 2022; 8
Migliori (ref_6) 2021; 17
Mazurek (ref_81) 2010; 59
Mr (ref_70) 2016; 95
ref_103
ref_105
Marais (ref_104) 2022; 206
Triasih (ref_26) 2011; 2012
ref_47
Ahmad (ref_10) 2011; 2011
Mack (ref_54) 2009; 33
ref_102
Okimoto (ref_64) 2012; 87
ref_2
ref_49
Fregona (ref_20) 2018; 51
ref_48
Piccazzo (ref_96) 2014; 91
Yuen (ref_14) 2016; 6
Shafeque (ref_74) 2020; 58
ref_5
Viney (ref_97) 2022; 3
References_xml – ident: ref_115
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269219
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1701578
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Intensity of Exposure to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Determines Risk of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease
  publication-title: Eur. Respir. J.
  doi: 10.1183/13993003.01578-2017
– volume: 148
  start-page: e2021054663
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents: Testing and Treatment
  publication-title: Pediatrics
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-054663
– volume: 7
  start-page: 208
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Risk Factors for Indeterminate Interferon-Gamma Release Assay for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Front. Pediatr.
  doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00208
– ident: ref_84
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002624
– volume: 58
  start-page: 2100167
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_87
  article-title: Tests for Tuberculosis Infection: Landscape Analysis
  publication-title: Eur. Respir. J.
  doi: 10.1183/13993003.00167-2021
– volume: 39
  start-page: 620
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: False-Positive Results of Quantiferon-Tb-Gold Assay in Children
  publication-title: Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
  doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002606
– volume: 204
  start-page: 1211
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: Indoor Air Pollution and Susceptibility to Tuberculosis Infection in Urban Vietnamese Children
  publication-title: Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
  doi: 10.1164/rccm.202101-0136OC
– volume: 8
  start-page: 359
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Close Contacts of People with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Lancet Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70071-9
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1563
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_11
  article-title: Management of Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection: WHO Guidelines for Low Tuberculosis Burden Countries
  publication-title: Eur. Respir. J.
  doi: 10.1183/13993003.01245-2015
– volume: 6
  start-page: 83
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Two Methods for Setting Child-Focused Tuberculosis Care Targets
  publication-title: Public Health Action
  doi: 10.5588/pha.16.0022
– volume: 356
  start-page: 1099
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: Specific Immune-Based Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
  publication-title: Lancet Lond. Engl.
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02742-2
– volume: 366
  start-page: 1443
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Effect of BCG Vaccination on Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children with Household Tuberculosis Contact: A Prospective Community-Based Study
  publication-title: Lancet Lond. Engl.
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67534-4
– volume: 367
  start-page: 348
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_98
  article-title: Tuberculosis in Children
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1008049
– volume: 34
  start-page: 599
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_67
  article-title: Tuberculin Skin Testing and T-SPOT.TB in Internationally Adopted Children
  publication-title: Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
  doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000680
– volume: 8
  start-page: 392
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: The Natural History of Childhood Intra-Thoracic Tuberculosis: A Critical Review of Literature from the Pre-Chemotherapy Era
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis.
– volume: 385
  start-page: 2271
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_55
  article-title: Latent Tuberculosis Infection
  publication-title: N. Engl. J. Med.
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2108501
– ident: ref_114
– ident: ref_56
– volume: 301
  start-page: 122
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: BCG-induced Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Implications for Next-generation Vaccines
  publication-title: Immunol. Rev.
  doi: 10.1111/imr.12965
– volume: 91
  start-page: 32
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_96
  article-title: Diagnostic Accuracy of Chest Radiography for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) and Its Role in the Detection of Latent TB Infection: A Systematic Review
  publication-title: J. Rheumatol. Suppl.
  doi: 10.3899/jrheum.140100
– ident: ref_48
– volume: 24
  start-page: 814
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_86
  article-title: Costs of Implementing and Maintaining a Tuberculin Skin Test Program in Hospitals and Health Departments
  publication-title: Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.
  doi: 10.1086/502142
– volume: 6
  start-page: 22
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Chapter 2: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis
  publication-title: Can. J. Respir. Crit. Care Sleep Med.
– volume: 152
  start-page: 247
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Lifetime Risks, Incubation Period, and Serial Interval of Tuberculosis
  publication-title: Am. J. Epidemiol.
  doi: 10.1093/aje/152.3.247
– volume: 2013
  start-page: 828939
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Risk Factors for Tuberculosis
  publication-title: Pulm. Med.
  doi: 10.1155/2013/828939
– volume: 180
  start-page: 2185
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Tuberculosis Contact Investigation Results among Paediatric Contacts in Low-Incidence Settings in Finland
  publication-title: Eur. J. Pediatr.
  doi: 10.1007/s00431-021-04000-7
– volume: 33
  start-page: 956
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: LTBI: Latent Tuberculosis Infection or Lasting Immune Responses to M. Tuberculosis? A TBNET Consensus Statement
  publication-title: Eur. Respir. J.
  doi: 10.1183/09031936.00120908
– volume: 17
  start-page: 968
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_58
  article-title: The Tuberculin Skin Test
  publication-title: Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am.
  doi: 10.1093/clinids/17.6.968
– ident: ref_103
– volume: 25
  start-page: 523
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_83
  article-title: Window Period Prophylaxis for Children Exposed to Tuberculosis, Houston, Texas, USA, 2007–2017
  publication-title: Emerg. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.3201/eid2503.181596
– ident: ref_36
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093137
– ident: ref_59
– volume: 74
  start-page: 1631
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_116
  article-title: Vikela Ekhaya: A Novel, Community-Based, Tuberculosis Contact Management Program in a High Burden Setting
  publication-title: Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am.
  doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab652
– volume: 4
  start-page: 895
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: Tuberculin Reactivity and the Risk of Tuberculosis: A Review
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.
– volume: 10
  start-page: e207
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Global Estimates of Paediatric Tuberculosis Incidence in 2013–19: A Mathematical Modelling Analysis
  publication-title: Lancet Glob. Health
  doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00462-9
– volume: 28
  start-page: 669
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_71
  article-title: The Likelihood of an Indeterminate Test Result from a Whole-Blood Interferon-Gamma Release Assay for the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children Correlates with Age and Immune Status
  publication-title: Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
  doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181a16394
– volume: 15
  start-page: 851
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_17
  article-title: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Latent Tuberculosis among Adolescents in Rural Eastern Uganda
  publication-title: Afr. Health Sci.
  doi: 10.4314/ahs.v15i3.20
– volume: 2
  start-page: e267
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNA in CD34-Positive Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Asymptomatic Tuberculosis Contacts: An Observational Study
  publication-title: Lancet Microbe
  doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00043-4
– volume: 27
  start-page: 71
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_101
  article-title: Artificial Intelligence, Radiology, and Tuberculosis: A Review
  publication-title: Acad. Radiol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.10.003
– volume: 167
  start-page: 335
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Risk of Tuberculosis from Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Arch. Intern. Med.
  doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.4.335
– ident: ref_37
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040020
– ident: ref_102
  doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030163
– volume: 13
  start-page: 2157
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_28
  article-title: Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Family Members in Household Contact with Active Tuberculosis Patients in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia
  publication-title: J. Public Health Afr.
  doi: 10.4081/jphia.2022.2157
– volume: 34
  start-page: 303.e1
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Guidelines for the use of interferon-γ release assays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection
  publication-title: Enfermedades Infecc. Microbiol. Clínica
  doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.11.022
– volume: 17
  start-page: 210079
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: The Definition of Tuberculosis Infection Based on the Spectrum of Tuberculosis Disease
  publication-title: Breathe
  doi: 10.1183/20734735.0079-2021
– volume: 95
  start-page: 373
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Latent Tuberculosis Infection--Revisiting and Revising Concepts
  publication-title: Tuberc. Edinb. Scotl.
– ident: ref_50
– volume: 18
  start-page: 1285
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: Cigarette Smoking among Tuberculosis Patients Increases Risk of Transmission to Child Contacts
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis.
  doi: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0309
– ident: ref_112
– volume: 54
  start-page: 834
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: Tuberculin Skin Test versus Interferon-Gamma Release Assay in Refugee Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study
  publication-title: J. Paediatr. Child Health
  doi: 10.1111/jpc.13865
– volume: 45
  start-page: 100958
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_27
  article-title: Household Contact Investigation for the Detection of Active Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Evaluation in Two High-Burden Provinces in Iran
  publication-title: New Microbes New Infect.
  doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.100958
– volume: 84
  start-page: 315
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_63
  article-title: False-Positive QuantiFERON TB-Gold Test Due to Mycobacterium Gordonae
  publication-title: Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.10.020
– volume: 41
  start-page: 140
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_32
  article-title: Contact Investigation for Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Eur. Respir. J.
  doi: 10.1183/09031936.00070812
– volume: 141
  start-page: e20173918
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: Interferon-γ Release Assay Performance for Tuberculosis in Childhood
  publication-title: Pediatrics
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-3918
– volume: 395
  start-page: 973
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_3
  article-title: The Risk of Tuberculosis in Children After Close Exposure: An Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis Including 137,647 Children from 46 Cohort Studies
  publication-title: Lancet Lond. Engl.
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30166-5
– volume: 10
  start-page: e1307
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: Infant BCG Vaccination and Risk of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis throughout the Life Course: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Lancet Glob. Health
  doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00283-2
– ident: ref_49
– ident: ref_5
– volume: 8
  start-page: 39
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_117
  article-title: Feasibility of a Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating a Community Intervention for Household Tuberculosis Child Contact Management in Cameroon and Uganda
  publication-title: Pilot Feasibility Stud.
  doi: 10.1186/s40814-022-00996-3
– volume: 42
  start-page: 785
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Old Ideas to Innovate Tuberculosis Control: Preventive Treatment to Achieve Elimination
  publication-title: Eur. Respir. J.
  doi: 10.1183/09031936.00205512
– ident: ref_110
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253159
– volume: 66
  start-page: 396
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_69
  article-title: QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube as a Confirmatory Test for Tuberculin Skin Test in Tuberculosis Contact Tracing: A Noninferiority Clinical Trial
  publication-title: Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am.
  doi: 10.1093/cid/cix745
– volume: 58
  start-page: e01950-19
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Fourth-Generation QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus: What Is the Evidence?
  publication-title: J. Clin. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/JCM.01950-19
– volume: 3
  start-page: e158
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: How Are High Burden Countries Implementing Policies and Tools for Latent Tuberculosis Infection? A Survey of Current Practices and Barriers
  publication-title: Health Sci. Rep.
  doi: 10.1002/hsr2.158
– volume: 99
  start-page: 131
  year: 1974
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: The Prognosis of a Positive Tuberculin Reaction in Childhood and Adolescence
  publication-title: Am. J. Epidemiol.
  doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121593
– volume: 66
  start-page: 273
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: Purified Protein Derivatives of Tuberculin--Past, Present, and Future
  publication-title: FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.01002.x
– volume: 70
  start-page: 933
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_93
  article-title: A Novel, High-Sensitivity, Bacteriophage-Based Assay Identifies Low-Level Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteremia in Immunocompetent Patients With Active and Incipient Tuberculosis
  publication-title: Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am.
– ident: ref_51
  doi: 10.30978/TB2021-2-86
– ident: ref_90
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204554
– volume: 22
  start-page: 889.e9
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_88
  article-title: Recombinant Fusion ESAT6-CFP10 Immunogen as a Skin Test Reagent for Tuberculosis Diagnosis: An Open-Label, Randomized, Two-Centre Phase 2a Clinical Trial
  publication-title: Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.
– volume: 7
  start-page: 153
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Tuberculosis in Children: A Global Perspective
  publication-title: Infect. Drug Resist.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1018
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Interferon-Gamma Release Assays and Childhood Tuberculosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis.
  doi: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0631
– ident: ref_47
  doi: 10.3390/vaccines8040586
– volume: 14
  start-page: 195
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_113
  article-title: Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress and Challenges with Implementation and Scale-Up
  publication-title: Expert Rev. Respir. Med.
  doi: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1694907
– volume: 52
  start-page: 2694
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Extremes of Age Are Associated with Indeterminate QuantiFERON-TB Gold Assay Results
  publication-title: J. Clin. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/JCM.00814-14
– volume: 15
  start-page: 331
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: SATVI Adolescent Study Team Predictive Factors for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Adolescents in a High-Burden Area in South Africa
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1422
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_107
  article-title: Three-Month Weekly Rifapentine plus Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment: A Systematic Review
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.
  doi: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0168
– volume: 2012
  start-page: e301808
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: Contact Investigation of Children Exposed to Tuberculosis in South East Asia: A Systematic Review
  publication-title: J. Trop. Med.
– volume: 28
  start-page: 64
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Utility of Tuberculin Skin Test and IGRA for Tuberculosis Screening in Internationally Adopted Children: Retrospective Analysis from a Single Center in Florence, Italy
  publication-title: Travel Med. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.07.009
– volume: 135
  start-page: 1010
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Comparative Performance of Tuberculin Skin Test, QuantiFERON-TB-Gold In Tube Assay, and T-Spot.TB Test in Contact Investigations for Tuberculosis
  publication-title: Chest
  doi: 10.1378/chest.08-2048
– volume: 40
  start-page: 1064
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_100
  article-title: Symptom-Based Screening Versus Chest Radiography for TB Child Contacts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.
  doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003265
– volume: 40
  start-page: 839
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_106
  article-title: Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection—An Update
  publication-title: Clin. Chest Med.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.07.008
– volume: 2
  start-page: e453
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Burden of Childhood Tuberculosis in 22 High-Burden Countries: A Mathematical Modelling Study
  publication-title: Lancet Glob. Health
  doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70245-1
– volume: 14
  start-page: 406
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Changing Prevalence of TB Infection with Increasing Age in High TB Burden Townships in South Africa
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis.
– volume: 367
  start-page: 1173
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Effect of BCG Vaccination on Childhood Tuberculous Meningitis and Miliary Tuberculosis Worldwide: A Meta-Analysis and Assessment of Cost-Effectiveness
  publication-title: Lancet Lond. Engl.
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68507-3
– volume: 206
  start-page: 814
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_104
  article-title: The Value of Chest Radiography in Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment Screening in Children and Adolescents
  publication-title: Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.
  doi: 10.1164/rccm.202205-1023ED
– volume: 56
  start-page: e00629-18
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: Specificity of QuantiFERON-TB Plus, a New-Generation Interferon Gamma Release Assay
  publication-title: J. Clin. Microbiol.
  doi: 10.1128/JCM.00629-18
– volume: 87
  start-page: 337
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: The positive response rate with QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In-Tube in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex
  publication-title: Kekkaku
– volume: 2011
  start-page: 814943
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Diagnosis of Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
  publication-title: Clin. Dev. Immunol.
  doi: 10.1155/2011/814943
– volume: 117
  start-page: 222
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_109
  article-title: Effect of Implementation of a 12-Dose Once-Weekly Treatment (3HP) in Addition to Standard Regimens to Prevent TB on Completion Rates: Interrupted Time Series Design
  publication-title: Int. J. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.063
– ident: ref_76
– volume: 35
  start-page: 27
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_39
  article-title: Global Lung Health: The Colliding Epidemics of Tuberculosis, Tobacco Smoking, HIV and COPD
  publication-title: Eur. Respir. J.
  doi: 10.1183/09031936.00072909
– ident: ref_94
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169119
– volume: 95
  start-page: e3470
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_70
  article-title: Evaluation of the Immune Response to Interferon Gamma Release Assay and Tuberculin Skin Test Among BCG Vaccinated Children in East of Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study
  publication-title: Medicine (Baltimore)
  doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003470
– volume: 5
  start-page: 350
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_108
  article-title: Safety and Feasibility of 1 Month of Daily Rifapentine plus Isoniazid to Prevent Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study
  publication-title: Lancet Child Adolesc. Health
  doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00052-3
– volume: 141
  start-page: e20172838
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_95
  article-title: Completion Rate and Safety of Tuberculosis Infection Treatment With Shorter Regimens
  publication-title: Pediatrics
  doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2838
– volume: 221
  start-page: 146
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Effectiveness of BCG Vaccination Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a UK-Based Cohort
  publication-title: J. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz430
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1645
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_29
  article-title: Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Household Contacts of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in South India
  publication-title: Trop. Med. Int. Health
  doi: 10.1111/tmi.13693
– volume: 71
  start-page: 932
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: The Impact of BCG Vaccination on Tuberculin Skin Test Responses in Children Is Age Dependent: Evidence to Be Considered When Screening Children for Tuberculosis Infection
  publication-title: Thorax
  doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207687
– volume: 7
  start-page: 233
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: Examining the Complex Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Other Infectious Diseases in Children
  publication-title: Front. Pediatr.
  doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00233
– volume: 19
  start-page: e322
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: The Evolving Research Agenda for Paediatric Tuberculosis Infection
  publication-title: Lancet Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30787-4
– ident: ref_82
  doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.supplement_3.ats600
– volume: 71
  start-page: 1627
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium Task Order 2 Team Duration of Exposure Among Close Contacts of Patients With Infectious Tuberculosis and Risk of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
  publication-title: Clin. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1044
– volume: 349
  start-page: g4643
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_43
  article-title: Effect of BCG Vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: BMJ
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.g4643
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_81
  article-title: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Updated Guidelines for Using Interferon Gamma Release Assays to Detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection - United States, 2010
  publication-title: MMWR Recomm. Rep. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep.
– volume: 185
  start-page: 1327
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Households and the Community: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Am. J. Epidemiol.
  doi: 10.1093/aje/kwx025
– volume: 3
  start-page: CD010890
  year: 2022
  ident: ref_97
  article-title: Symptom- and Chest-Radiography Screening for Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV-Negative Adults and Adults with Unknown HIV Status
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.
– ident: ref_2
– volume: 52
  start-page: 1031
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Clinical Application and Limitations of Interferon-Gamma Release Assays for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
  publication-title: Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am.
  doi: 10.1093/cid/cir068
– volume: 97
  start-page: 429
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_23
  article-title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Close Childhood Contacts of Adults with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Is Increased by Secondhand Exposure to Tobacco
  publication-title: Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.
  doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0611
– volume: 210
  start-page: 597
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Integrating Social Contact and Environmental Data in Evaluating Tuberculosis Transmission in a South African Township
  publication-title: J. Infect. Dis.
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu138
– ident: ref_91
– volume: 24
  start-page: 452
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_111
  article-title: Tuberculosis Contact Investigation and Short-Course Preventive Therapy among Young Children in Africa
  publication-title: Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis.
  doi: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0712
– ident: ref_105
– volume: 5
  start-page: 259
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_89
  article-title: Safety and Efficacy of the C-Tb Skin Test to Diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection, Compared with an Interferon γ Release Assay and the Tuberculin Skin Test: A Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Trial
  publication-title: Lancet Respir. Med.
  doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30436-2
– ident: ref_99
SSID ssj0000800817
Score 2.3321602
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents remains very significant. Several million children and adolescents are infected with TB each year...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
hal
proquest
gale
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage 1512
SubjectTerms Adolescents
Age
Antigens
cell-mediated immunity
Children
Children & youth
Communicable diseases in children
Diagnosis
Drug therapy
Exposure
HIV
Households
Human immunodeficiency virus
Immune response
Immune response (cell-mediated)
Immune system
Immunology
Indoor air quality
Infections
Life Sciences
Microbiology and Parasitology
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Observational studies
Pediatric research
Review
risk
Risk analysis
Risk factors
risk reduction
Teenagers
Tuberculosis
tuberculosis infection
Vaccines
World Health Organization
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Biological Science Database (ProQuest)
  dbid: M7P
  link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3di9QwEB-8U8EXvz-qp1QRBGGxSdokfZL18DhBjns44d5CmrS3C0d7bncP_O-dSbM96-G9-NqkYdrMTH6TTH4D8J4z6QvtifqykbR1Y2dWeAxcbaUl4l2v6jwUm1BHR_r0tDyOG259TKvc-sTgqH3naI_8E9GUK4URA_988XNGVaPodDWW0NiB28SSIELq3vG4x0JoSDM1HGYKjO4py3rR4cz0aOJhsZssR4G1f_TNOwtKjbyOO_9On_xjPTp48L9f8hDuRySazgfVeQS36vYx3B1qU_56AvxkU9Urtznv-mWffos5W226bNP9eAE8ta1P51eUUE_hx8HXk_3DWSywMHOSq_UsLzzadKNFjnbdVJZVvC6o5LjyZUM0MlpYlllW54x7azG0qFxGiEXX3GIoJJ7Bbtu19QtIhctEaTNlhUaf4JhuqqK0uXSuwnGcTSDb_mfjIvs4FcE4NxiF0NSYa1OTwMfxlYuBeuOmzl9o8saOxJodHnSrMxON0GQO4atvZBCSoJJTeUGMc1Iz1vg8gQ809YZsG4VzNl5RwE8kliwzV0SvRoyHCexNeqJNuknzO1SeiTCH8--GnmWIiBXXxSXDMbb6YaLj6M2VciTwdmym4SkZrq27TeijERYjdv93H4HOGcEYlyKB54O6juIIWdD1ZJmAmijyRN5pS7tcBOrxUuF7RfnyZtFfwT1Ot0Qo66fcg931alO_hjvucr3sV2-Cjf4G5EFC5g
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36558846
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2756770262
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2758105139
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3040381263
https://hal.science/hal-05087285
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9784659
https://doaj.org/article/0c565df6a38047509c74542836811fd4
Volume 11
WOSCitedRecordID wos000902878700001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVAON
  databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2076-0817
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000800817
  issn: 2076-0817
  databaseCode: DOA
  dateStart: 20120101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– providerCode: PRVHPJ
  databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2076-0817
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000800817
  issn: 2076-0817
  databaseCode: M~E
  dateStart: 20120101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org
  providerName: ISSN International Centre
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Biological Science Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2076-0817
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000800817
  issn: 2076-0817
  databaseCode: M7P
  dateStart: 20120301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/biologicalscijournals
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2076-0817
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000800817
  issn: 2076-0817
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 20120301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2076-0817
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0000800817
  issn: 2076-0817
  databaseCode: PIMPY
  dateStart: 20120301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3fa9swED7WboO9jP2ety54YzAYhFmWLcmPaUlpYQtmdJA9CVmySUpxRpwU-tK_fXey68Ur21724gfrLC6nO-u7-PQdwPuYCZcqR9SXlaC_bszYcIeJqymUQLzrZJn4ZhNyNlPzeZbvtPqimrCWHrg13KfIIuRwlTBcRQltb1YmKbGECcVY5TwTKKKenWTqvMNBisn2MybHvJ7qqxcrXJMGg9tvc4ONyPP192_lvQUVRd5GnL8XTu7sRMeP4GEHIcNJq_pjuFPWT-B-21Ty6inEZ9uiXNvtxapZNuFpV2xVh8s6POpOboemduHkF5fTM_h2PD07Ohl3nRHGVsRyM05Sh8FYKZ5gQFaFYUVcptQrXLqsIv4XxQ2LDCsTFjtjMCcobERQQ5WxwRyGP4f9elWXLyHkNuKZiaS3r7JMVUWamURYW-A81gQQ3ZhJ2442nLpXXGhMH8iy-pZlA_jYP_Kj5cz4m_Ah2b4XJLprfwOdQHdOoP_lBAF8oJXTFJSonDXd2QL8iURvpSeSeNGIqjCAg4EkBpMdDL_DtR8oczL5rOlehFBWxiq9ZDjHjWvoLuIbTTT6UmJGi3O87Ydpeqpiq8vV1ssoxLMIuv8sw_GtiigqFjyAF6239epwkdK5YhGAHPjhQN_hSL1ceM7wTOJzafbqf1j7NTyI6RAIFfVkB7C_WW_LN3DPXm6WzXoEe3KuRnD3cDrLv458WI6oojan6_UUR_LTL_n3n1T7OWk
linkProvider Directory of Open Access Journals
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Nb9QwEB21WxBc-P4IFAgIhIS0IrGT2DkgtBSqXXW72kOR2pNx7IRdqUrKZreof4rfyEySTQkVvfXANXasSfI88-yM3wC8Zn5kQ2lJ-jKLaOtG9zW3uHDViYyQ71qRBlWxCTGZyMPDeLoBv9ZnYSitcu0TK0dtC0N75O9JplwIXDGwjyc_-lQ1iv6urkto1LDYS89-4pKt_DD6jN_3DWO7Xw52hv2mqkDfREws-0FoEciZ5AGCOUu0n7A0pDrbwsYZaadIrn1P-2ngM6s18unEeBSmZco08n-O427CVoBglz3Ymo72p0ftrg7xL-mL-vcp57FHed2zArFQolOpwmsnAFZ1AtposDmjZMyLTPfvhM0_IuDu7f_t3d2BWw3Xdgf15LgLG2l-D67X1TfP7gM7WCXpwqyOi3JeuqMmKy1357m70xxxd3Vu3cG56NUD-HolBj-EXl7k6WNwufF4rD2huUSvZ3yZJWGsg8iYBMcx2gFv_V2VafTVqczHscJ1FkFBXYCCA-_aW05qcZHLOn8isLQdSRe8ulAsvqvGzSjPIEG3WVQZSWTQiCAkTb1I-n5mAwfeEtQUeS80zujmEAY-IumAqYEgATnSdHRgu9MTvY7pNL9CsHaMGQ7Giq55yPkFk-Gpj2Os8aga11iqczA68LJtpuEp3S9Pi1XVRyLxx9XJv_twDD9IN1nEHXhUT4_WHB6FdAA7ckB0Jk7H3m5LPp9V4uqxwPvC-Mnlpr-AG8OD_bEajyZ7T-EmozMxlOMUb0NvuVilz-CaOV3Oy8XzxkO48O2qJ9Zv2veeLg
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB71AYgL70egQEAgJKSoiZ3EzgGhpWXVVctqD0UqJ-PYCbtSlZTNblH_Gr-OmSSbEip664Fr7FiT5JuXM_4G4DULYhtJS9SXeUxbN9rT3GLiqlMZY7xrRRbWzSbEeCyPjpLJGvxanYWhssqVTawNtS0N7ZFvE025EJgxsO28LYuY7A4_nPzwqIMU_WldtdNoILKfnf3E9K16P9rFb_2GseGnw509r-0w4JmYiYUXRhZBnUseIrDzVAcpyyLquS1skhOPiuQ68HWQhQGzWmNsnRqfXLbMmMZcgOO667CJIXmIOrY5GX2efO12eCgWk4FofqVynvhU4z0tERcVGpja1facYd0zoPMM61MqzLwY9f5dvPmHNxze_p_f4x241cbg7qBRmruwlhX34HrTlfPsPrDDZZrNzfK4rGaVO2qr1Qp3Vrg77dF3VxfWHZyTYT2AL1ci8EPYKMoiewwuNz5PtC80l2gNTSDzNEp0GBuT4jpGO-CvvrEyLe86tf84Vph_ESzUBVg48K675aQhHbls8kcCTjeR-MLrC-X8u2rNj_INBu42j2shKUg0IoyIay-WQZDb0IG3BDtFVg2FM7o9nIGPSPxgaiCIWI64Hh3Y6s1Ea2R6w68QuD1h9gYHiq75mAsIJqPTANdYYVO1JrNS58B04GU3TMtTGWCRlct6jsSEALOWf8_h6JYwDGUxd-BRoyqdODyO6GB27IDoKVFP3v5IMZvWpOuJwPui5Mnlor-AG6hN6mA03n8KNxkdlaHSp2QLNhbzZfYMrpnTxayaP2-NhQvfrlqvfgMPhqbu
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tuberculosis+Infection+in+Children+and+Adolescents&rft.jtitle=Pathogens+%28Basel%29&rft.au=Boris+Tchakounte+Youngui&rft.au=Boris+Kevin+Tchounga&rft.au=Stephen+M.+Graham&rft.au=Maryline+Bonnet&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2076-0817&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=1512&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fpathogens11121512&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_0c565df6a38047509c74542836811fd4
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2076-0817&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2076-0817&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2076-0817&client=summon