Screening the pandemic response box identified benzimidazole carbamates, Olorofim and ravuconazole as promising drug candidates for the treatment of eumycetoma

Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumyce...

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Veröffentlicht in:	PLoS neglected tropical diseases Jg. 16; H. 2; S. e0010159
Hauptverfasser:	Lim, Wilson, Nyuykonge, Bertrand, Eadie, Kimberly, Konings, Mickey, Smeets, Juli, Fahal, Ahmed, Bonifaz, Alexandro, Todd, Matthew, Perry, Benjamin, Samby, Kirandeep, Burrows, Jeremy, Verbon, Annelies, van de Sande, Wendy
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States Public Library of Science 01.02.2022 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Schlagworte:	Acetamides - pharmacology Agents Amputation Animals Antifungal agents Antifungal Agents - pharmacology Ascomycota - drug effects Benzimidazoles Biology and Life Sciences Carbamates (tradename) Carbendazim Causes of Diagnosis Drug development Drug Discovery Drug Evaluation, Preclinical Drug therapy Drugs Fenbendazole - pharmacology Fungal diseases Fungal infections Fungi Fungicides Growth Identification and classification Itraconazole Larvae Madurella - drug effects Malaria Medicine and Health Sciences Metabolism Molecules Moths - microbiology Mycetoma - drug therapy Mycoses Neglected Diseases Optimization Pandemics Pathogens Phylogenetics Physical Sciences Piperazines - pharmacology Pyrimidines - pharmacology Pyrroles - pharmacology R&D Ravuconazole Research & development Surgery Survival Tafenoquine Terbinafine Testing Thiazoles - pharmacology Triazoles - pharmacology Tropical climate Tropical diseases Netherlands Mexico
ISSN:	1935-2735, 1935-2727, 1935-2735
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Abstract	Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumycetoma are itraconazole or terbinafine, however, their cure rates are low. To find novel drugs for eumycetoma, we screened 400 diverse drug-like molecules from the Pandemic Response Box against common eumycetoma causative agents as part of the Open Source Mycetoma initiative (MycetOS). 26 compounds were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis , Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana , 26 compounds inhibited Falciformispora senegalensis and seven inhibited growth of Medicopsis romeroi in vitro . Four compounds were able to inhibit the growth of all five species of fungi tested. They are the benzimidazole carbamates fenbendazole and carbendazim, the 8-aminoquinolone derivative tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were then determined for the compounds active against M . mycetomatis . Compounds showing potent activity in vitro were further tested in vivo . Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were able to significantly prolong Galleria mellonella larvae survival and are promising candidates to explore in mycetoma treatment and to also serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry optimisation in the search for novel antifungals to treat eumycetoma.
AbstractList	Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumycetoma are itraconazole or terbinafine, however, their cure rates are low. To find novel drugs for eumycetoma, we screened 400 diverse drug-like molecules from the Pandemic Response Box against common eumycetoma causative agents as part of the Open Source Mycetoma initiative (MycetOS). 26 compounds were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis , Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana , 26 compounds inhibited Falciformispora senegalensis and seven inhibited growth of Medicopsis romeroi in vitro . Four compounds were able to inhibit the growth of all five species of fungi tested. They are the benzimidazole carbamates fenbendazole and carbendazim, the 8-aminoquinolone derivative tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were then determined for the compounds active against M . mycetomatis . Compounds showing potent activity in vitro were further tested in vivo . Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were able to significantly prolong Galleria mellonella larvae survival and are promising candidates to explore in mycetoma treatment and to also serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry optimisation in the search for novel antifungals to treat eumycetoma. Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumycetoma are itraconazole or terbinafine, however, their cure rates are low. To find novel drugs for eumycetoma, we screened 400 diverse drug-like molecules from the Pandemic Response Box against common eumycetoma causative agents as part of the Open Source Mycetoma initiative (MycetOS). 26 compounds were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana, 26 compounds inhibited Falciformispora senegalensis and seven inhibited growth of Medicopsis romeroi in vitro. Four compounds were able to inhibit the growth of all five species of fungi tested. They are the benzimidazole carbamates fenbendazole and carbendazim, the 8-aminoquinolone derivative tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were then determined for the compounds active against M. mycetomatis. Compounds showing potent activity in vitro were further tested in vivo. Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were able to significantly prolong Galleria mellonella larvae survival and are promising candidates to explore in mycetoma treatment and to also serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry optimisation in the search for novel antifungals to treat eumycetoma. Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumycetoma are itraconazole or terbinafine, however, their cure rates are low. To find novel drugs for eumycetoma, we screened 400 diverse drug-like molecules from the Pandemic Response Box against common eumycetoma causative agents as part of the Open Source Mycetoma initiative (MycetOS). 26 compounds were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana, 26 compounds inhibited Falciformispora senegalensis and seven inhibited growth of Medicopsis romeroi in vitro. Four compounds were able to inhibit the growth of all five species of fungi tested. They are the benzimidazole carbamates fenbendazole and carbendazim, the 8-aminoquinolone derivative tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were then determined for the compounds active against M. mycetomatis. Compounds showing potent activity in vitro were further tested in vivo. Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were able to significantly prolong Galleria mellonella larvae survival and are promising candidates to explore in mycetoma treatment and to also serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry optimisation in the search for novel antifungals to treat eumycetoma.Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumycetoma are itraconazole or terbinafine, however, their cure rates are low. To find novel drugs for eumycetoma, we screened 400 diverse drug-like molecules from the Pandemic Response Box against common eumycetoma causative agents as part of the Open Source Mycetoma initiative (MycetOS). 26 compounds were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana, 26 compounds inhibited Falciformispora senegalensis and seven inhibited growth of Medicopsis romeroi in vitro. Four compounds were able to inhibit the growth of all five species of fungi tested. They are the benzimidazole carbamates fenbendazole and carbendazim, the 8-aminoquinolone derivative tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were then determined for the compounds active against M. mycetomatis. Compounds showing potent activity in vitro were further tested in vivo. Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were able to significantly prolong Galleria mellonella larvae survival and are promising candidates to explore in mycetoma treatment and to also serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry optimisation in the search for novel antifungals to treat eumycetoma. Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative agents produce black grains and belong to the fungal orders Sordariales and Pleosporales. The current antifungal agents used to treat eumycetoma are itraconazole or terbinafine, however, their cure rates are low. To find novel drugs for eumycetoma, we screened 400 diverse drug-like molecules from the Pandemic Response Box against common eumycetoma causative agents as part of the Open Source Mycetoma initiative (MycetOS). 26 compounds were able to inhibit the growth of Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana, 26 compounds inhibited Falciformispora senegalensis and seven inhibited growth of Medicopsis romeroi in vitro. Four compounds were able to inhibit the growth of all five species of fungi tested. They are the benzimidazole carbamates fenbendazole and carbendazim, the 8-aminoquinolone derivative tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were then determined for the compounds active against M. mycetomatis. Compounds showing potent activity in vitro were further tested in vivo. Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were able to significantly prolong Galleria mellonella larvae survival and are promising candidates to explore in mycetoma treatment and to also serve as scaffolds for medicinal chemistry optimisation in the search for novel antifungals to treat eumycetoma. Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease characterised by the formation of tumorous swellings and the presence of grains. In fungal mycetoma (eumycetoma), the most common causative agents produce black grains although genetically, these fungi can be very different. Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella pseudomycetomatis and Madurella tropicana belong to the fungal order Sordariales, while Falciformispora senegalensis and Medicopsis romeroi belong to the order Pleosporales. Treatment for eumycetoma is challenging and antifungal therapy with itraconazole or terbinafine is combined with surgery. Unfortunately, cure rates of only 26% are obtained and amputation of the affected area is often needed. Despite the urgent need to find new antifungals for the treatment of eumycetoma, only fosravuconazole is in the pipeline to treat mycetoma. To discover novel compounds with activity against eumycetoma causative agents, the Open Source Mycetoma (MycetOS) initiative was founded. As part of this initiative, we previously tested 800 compounds from the Pathogen Box and Stasis box for their efficacy against M. mycetomatis. In this study, we have tested 400 compounds from the Pandemic Response Box against Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella pseudomycetomatis, Madurella tropicana, Falciformispora senegalensis and Medicopsis romeroi. We have identified four compounds that were able to inhibit all five fungi species in vitro, namely fenbendazole, carbendazim, tafenoquine and MMV1578570. Fenbendazole, MMV1782387, ravuconazole and olorofim were also able to significantly prolong larvae survival in our in vivo Galleria mellonella model. This study showed benzimidazole carbamates as promising candidates to further explore for eumycetoma treatment.
Audience	Academic
Author	Todd, Matthew van de Sande, Wendy Konings, Mickey Verbon, Annelies Samby, Kirandeep Fahal, Ahmed Lim, Wilson Perry, Benjamin Burrows, Jeremy Nyuykonge, Bertrand Bonifaz, Alexandro Smeets, Juli Eadie, Kimberly
AuthorAffiliation	1 Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2 Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 5 Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland 4 University College London, School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom 6 Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland 3 Hospital General de Mexico Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico Lowell General Hospital, UNITED STATES
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Lowell General Hospital, UNITED STATES – name: 2 Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan – name: 5 Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland – name: 1 Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands – name: 6 Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland – name: 4 University College London, School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom – name: 3 Hospital General de Mexico Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
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Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science 2022 Lim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2022 Lim et al 2022 Lim et al
Copyright_xml	– notice: COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science – notice: 2022 Lim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2022 Lim et al 2022 Lim et al
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Snippet	Eumycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous neglected tropical disease that can be caused by more than 40 different fungal causative agents. The most common causative...
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SubjectTerms	Acetamides - pharmacology Agents Amputation Animals Antifungal agents Antifungal Agents - pharmacology Ascomycota - drug effects Benzimidazoles Biology and Life Sciences Carbamates (tradename) Carbendazim Causes of Diagnosis Drug development Drug Discovery Drug Evaluation, Preclinical Drug therapy Drugs Fenbendazole - pharmacology Fungal diseases Fungal infections Fungi Fungicides Growth Identification and classification Itraconazole Larvae Madurella - drug effects Malaria Medicine and Health Sciences Metabolism Molecules Moths - microbiology Mycetoma - drug therapy Mycoses Neglected Diseases Optimization Pandemics Pathogens Phylogenetics Physical Sciences Piperazines - pharmacology Pyrimidines - pharmacology Pyrroles - pharmacology R&D Ravuconazole Research & development Surgery Survival Tafenoquine Terbinafine Testing Thiazoles - pharmacology Triazoles - pharmacology Tropical climate Tropical diseases
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Title	Screening the pandemic response box identified benzimidazole carbamates, Olorofim and ravuconazole as promising drug candidates for the treatment of eumycetoma
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