Socio-economic patterning of food consumption and dietary diversity among Indian children: evidence from NFHS-4

Background/Objectives Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children. Subjects/Methods The most recent nation...

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Vydáno v:European journal of clinical nutrition Ročník 73; číslo 10; s. 1361 - 1372
Hlavní autoři: Agrawal, Sutapa, Kim, Rockli, Gausman, Jewel, Sharma, Smriti, Sankar, Rajan, Joe, William, Subramanian, S. V.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.10.2019
Nature Publishing Group
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ISSN:0954-3007, 1476-5640, 1476-5640
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Abstract Background/Objectives Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children. Subjects/Methods The most recent nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16) was used for analysis of 73,852–74,038 children aged 6–23 months. Consumption of 21 food items, seven food groups, and adequately diversified dietary intake (ADDI) was collected through mother’s 24-h dietary recall. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between household wealth and maternal education with food consumption and ADDI, after controlling for covariates. Results Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24–2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18–1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63–1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only. Conclusions Interventions designed to improve food consumption and diversified dietary intake among Indian children need to be universal in their targeting given the overall high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and the relatively small differentials by SES.
AbstractList Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children. Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24-2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18-1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63-1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only.
Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children. The most recent nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16) was used for analysis of 73,852-74,038 children aged 6-23 months. Consumption of 21 food items, seven food groups, and adequately diversified dietary intake (ADDI) was collected through mother's 24-h dietary recall. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between household wealth and maternal education with food consumption and ADDI, after controlling for covariates. Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24-2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18-1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63-1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only. Interventions designed to improve food consumption and diversified dietary intake among Indian children need to be universal in their targeting given the overall high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and the relatively small differentials by SES.
Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESMost interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children.The most recent nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16) was used for analysis of 73,852-74,038 children aged 6-23 months. Consumption of 21 food items, seven food groups, and adequately diversified dietary intake (ADDI) was collected through mother's 24-h dietary recall. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between household wealth and maternal education with food consumption and ADDI, after controlling for covariates.SUBJECTS/METHODSThe most recent nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16) was used for analysis of 73,852-74,038 children aged 6-23 months. Consumption of 21 food items, seven food groups, and adequately diversified dietary intake (ADDI) was collected through mother's 24-h dietary recall. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between household wealth and maternal education with food consumption and ADDI, after controlling for covariates.Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24-2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18-1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63-1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only.RESULTSOverall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24-2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18-1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63-1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only.Interventions designed to improve food consumption and diversified dietary intake among Indian children need to be universal in their targeting given the overall high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and the relatively small differentials by SES.CONCLUSIONSInterventions designed to improve food consumption and diversified dietary intake among Indian children need to be universal in their targeting given the overall high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and the relatively small differentials by SES.
Background/Objectives Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children. Subjects/Methods The most recent nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16) was used for analysis of 73,852-74,038 children aged 6-23 months. Consumption of 21 food items, seven food groups, and adequately diversified dietary intake (ADDI) was collected through mother's 24-h dietary recall. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between household wealth and maternal education with food consumption and ADDI, after controlling for covariates. Results Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24-2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18-1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63-1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only. Conclusions Interventions designed to improve food consumption and diversified dietary intake among Indian children need to be universal in their targeting given the overall high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and the relatively small differentials by SES.
Background/ObjectivesMost interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children.Subjects/MethodsThe most recent nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16) was used for analysis of 73,852–74,038 children aged 6–23 months. Consumption of 21 food items, seven food groups, and adequately diversified dietary intake (ADDI) was collected through mother’s 24-h dietary recall. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between household wealth and maternal education with food consumption and ADDI, after controlling for covariates.ResultsOverall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24–2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18–1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63–1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only.ConclusionsInterventions designed to improve food consumption and diversified dietary intake among Indian children need to be universal in their targeting given the overall high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and the relatively small differentials by SES.
Background/Objectives Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food consumption and dietary diversity by socioeconomic status (SES) among Indian children. Subjects/Methods The most recent nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16) was used for analysis of 73,852–74,038 children aged 6–23 months. Consumption of 21 food items, seven food groups, and adequately diversified dietary intake (ADDI) was collected through mother’s 24-h dietary recall. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the association between household wealth and maternal education with food consumption and ADDI, after controlling for covariates. Results Overall, the mean dietary diversity score was low (2.26; 95% CI:2.24–2.27) and the prevalence of ADDI was only 23%. Both household wealth and maternal education were significantly associated with ADDI (OR:1.28; 95% CI:1.18–1.38 and OR:1.75; 95% CI:1.63–1.90, respectively), but the SES gradient was not particularly strong. Furthermore, the associations between SES and consumption of individual food items and food groups were not consistent. Maternal education was more strongly associated with consumption of essential food items and all food groups, but household wealth was found to have significant influence on intake of dairy group only. Conclusions Interventions designed to improve food consumption and diversified dietary intake among Indian children need to be universal in their targeting given the overall high prevalence of inadequate dietary diversity and the relatively small differentials by SES.
Audience Professional
Academic
Author Agrawal, Sutapa
Kim, Rockli
Gausman, Jewel
Sharma, Smriti
Joe, William
Subramanian, S. V.
Sankar, Rajan
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  surname: Agrawal
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-9864-3957
  surname: Kim
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  organization: Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University
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  givenname: Jewel
  surname: Gausman
  fullname: Gausman, Jewel
  organization: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health
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  givenname: Smriti
  surname: Sharma
  fullname: Sharma, Smriti
  organization: Tata Trusts
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Rajan
  surname: Sankar
  fullname: Sankar, Rajan
  organization: The India Nutrition Initiative (TINI), Tata Trusts
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  givenname: William
  surname: Joe
  fullname: Joe, William
  organization: Institute of Economic Growth (IEG)
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  surname: Subramanian
  fullname: Subramanian, S. V.
  email: svsubram@hsph.harvard.edu
  organization: Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30809007$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References KehoeSHKrishnaveniGVVeenaSRGuntupalliAMMargettsBMFallCHDiet patterns are associated with demographic factors and nutritional status in South Indian childrenMatern Child Nutr2014101455810.1111/mcn.1204623819872
WHO, UNICEF, USAID, FANTA, AED, UC DAVIS.Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices, Part 2: measurement2010GenevaThe World Health Organization
HoweLDHargreavesJRHuttlySRAIssues in the construction of wealth indices for the measurement of socio-economic position in low-income countriesEmerg Themes Epidemiol20085310.1186/1742-7622-5-3182340822248177
World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: Part 2: Measurement. 2010.
KhanREARazaMANutritional status of children in Bangladesh: measuring Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) and its determinants. PublishedPak J Commer Social Sci2014811231:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpsleltbY%3D
GwatkinDRutsteinSJohnsonKPandeRWagstaffASocio-economic differences in health, nutrition and poverty2000Washington, DCWorld Bank: HNP/Poverty Thematic Group, World Bank
Ruel MT, Arimond M. Dietary diversity and growth: an analysis of recent demographic and health surveys. In: Brower ED, Traore AS, Treche S, editors. Food based approaches for a healthy nutrition in West Africa. Ouagadougou: University Press; 2004.
International Institute for Population Sciences - IIPS/India and ICF. 2017. India National Family Health Survey NFHS-4 2015-16. Mumbai, India: IIPS and ICF. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR339/FR339.pdf.
Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), New ERA. ICF International Nepal demographic and health survey 2011, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal. Calverton : New ERA, and ICF International; 2012.
Grebmer VK, Bernstein J, Hossain N, Brown T, Prasai N, Yohannes Y, et al. Global Hunger Index: The inequalities of hunger: Synopsis. Washington, DC, Bonn, and Dublin: International Food Policy Research Institute, Welthungerhilfe, and Concern Worldwide; 2017.
TorheimLOuattaraFDiarraMThiamFBarikmoIHatløyANutrient adequacy and dietary diversity in rural Mali: association and determinantsEur J Clin Nutr2004585946041:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7kvVCkug%3D%3D10.1038/sj.ejcn.160185315042127
McDonaldCMMcLeanJKroeunHTalukderALyndLDGreenTJHousehold food insecurity and dietary diversity as correlates of maternal and child under nutrition in rural CambodiaEur J Clin Nutr20156924261:STN:280:DC%2BC2M%2FhtlCmsg%3D%3D10.1038/ejcn.2014.16125117993
BalarajanYSelvarajSSubramanianSVHealth care and equity in IndiaLancet2011377505151:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7ntVKktg%3D%3D10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61894-6212274923093249
World Health Organization.Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices part 1 definitions2007Washington, DCWorld Health Organization, Dept. of Child and Adolescent Health and Development
NguyenPHAvulaRRuelMTSahaKKAliDTranLMMaternal and child dietary diversity are associated in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and EthiopiaJ Nutr20131431176831:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVegtb%2FK10.3945/jn.112.17224723658424
Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development. National Nutrition Mission to improve the nutritional indicators of women and children. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176441
CorsiDJMejía-GuevaraISubramanianSVImproving household-level nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive conditions key to reducing child undernutrition in IndiaSoc Sci Med201615718910.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.03926975835
GausmanJPerkinsJMLeeHYMejia-GuevaraINamYSLeeJKEcological and social patterns of child dietary diversity in India: a population-based studyNutrition201853778410.1016/j.nut.2018.01.00629660651
Harris-FryHAzadKKuddusAShahaSNaharBHossenMSocio-economic determinants of household food security and women’s dietary diversity in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional studyJ Health Popul Nutr201533110.1186/s41043-015-0022-0
KimRMejía-GuevaraICorsiDJAguayoVMSubramanianSVRelative importance of 13 correlates of child stunting in South Asia: Insights from nationally representative data from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and PakistanSoc Sci Med20171871445410.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.01728686964
SwindaleABilinskyPHousehold dietary diversity score (HDDS) for measurement of household food access: indicator guide.2006Washington, DCFood and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development
NguyenPHAvulaRHeadeyDTranLMRuelMTMenonPProgress and inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices in India between 2006 and 2016Matern Child Nutr20181410.1111/mcn.12663304992556518921
Pingali P. In: Pingali P, Evenson R, editors. Handbook of agricultural economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2010. p.3867–94.
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF.National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-162017MumbaiIIPS
CharmarbagwalaRRangerMWaddingtonHWhiteHThe determinants of child health and nutrition: a meta-analysis2004Washington, DCWorld Bank
FilmerDPritchettLHEstimating wealth effects without expenditure data-or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of IndiaDemography200138115321:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3jsVSgsQ%3D%3D11227840
CodjoeSamuel Nii ArdeyOkutuDavidAbuMumuniUrban Household Characteristics and Dietary DiversityFood and Nutrition Bulletin201637220221810.1177/037957211663188226916113
Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development. National Nutrition Mission. 2018 17:03 IST. https://www.icds-wcd.nic.in/nnm/home.htm
MayénAna-LuciaMarques-VidalPedroPaccaudFredBovetPascalStringhiniSilviaSocioeconomic determinants of dietary patterns in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic reviewThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition201410061520153110.3945/ajcn.114.08902925411287
KennedyGLPedroMRSeghieriCNantelGBrouwerIDietary diversity score is a useful indicator of micronutrient intake in non-breast-feeding Filipino childrenJ Nutr200713747271:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVWju7g%3D10.1093/jn/137.2.47217237329
HauqeSyed EmdadulSakisakaKayakoRahmanMosiurExamining the relationship between socioeconomic status and the double burden of maternal over and child under-nutrition in BangladeshEuropean Journal of Clinical Nutrition201873453154010.1038/s41430-018-0162-629691487
SteynNNelJNantelGKennedyGLabadariosDFood variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?Public Health Nutr20069644501:STN:280:DC%2BD28rgtVWntg%3D%3D10.1079/PHN200591216923296
SawadogoPSMartin-PrevelYSavyMKameliYTraissacPTraoreASAn infant and child feeding index is associated withthe nutritional status of 6- to 23-month-old children in rural Burkina FasoJ Nutr2006136656631:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitVOrtrg%3D10.1093/jn/136.3.65616484539
PH Nguyen (406_CR20) 2013; 143
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. (406_CR11) 2017
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Syed Emdadul Hauqe (406_CR7) 2018; 73
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References_xml – reference: BalarajanYSelvarajSSubramanianSVHealth care and equity in IndiaLancet2011377505151:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7ntVKktg%3D%3D10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61894-6212274923093249
– reference: FilmerDPritchettLHEstimating wealth effects without expenditure data-or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of IndiaDemography200138115321:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3jsVSgsQ%3D%3D11227840
– reference: CharmarbagwalaRRangerMWaddingtonHWhiteHThe determinants of child health and nutrition: a meta-analysis2004Washington, DCWorld Bank
– reference: KennedyGLPedroMRSeghieriCNantelGBrouwerIDietary diversity score is a useful indicator of micronutrient intake in non-breast-feeding Filipino childrenJ Nutr200713747271:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVWju7g%3D10.1093/jn/137.2.47217237329
– reference: NguyenPHAvulaRHeadeyDTranLMRuelMTMenonPProgress and inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices in India between 2006 and 2016Matern Child Nutr20181410.1111/mcn.12663304992556518921
– reference: Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development. National Nutrition Mission. 2018 17:03 IST. https://www.icds-wcd.nic.in/nnm/home.htm
– reference: NguyenPHAvulaRRuelMTSahaKKAliDTranLMMaternal and child dietary diversity are associated in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and EthiopiaJ Nutr20131431176831:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVegtb%2FK10.3945/jn.112.17224723658424
– reference: International Institute for Population Sciences - IIPS/India and ICF. 2017. India National Family Health Survey NFHS-4 2015-16. Mumbai, India: IIPS and ICF. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR339/FR339.pdf.
– reference: McDonaldCMMcLeanJKroeunHTalukderALyndLDGreenTJHousehold food insecurity and dietary diversity as correlates of maternal and child under nutrition in rural CambodiaEur J Clin Nutr20156924261:STN:280:DC%2BC2M%2FhtlCmsg%3D%3D10.1038/ejcn.2014.16125117993
– reference: World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: Part 2: Measurement. 2010.
– reference: GwatkinDRutsteinSJohnsonKPandeRWagstaffASocio-economic differences in health, nutrition and poverty2000Washington, DCWorld Bank: HNP/Poverty Thematic Group, World Bank
– reference: MayénAna-LuciaMarques-VidalPedroPaccaudFredBovetPascalStringhiniSilviaSocioeconomic determinants of dietary patterns in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic reviewThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition201410061520153110.3945/ajcn.114.08902925411287
– reference: SawadogoPSMartin-PrevelYSavyMKameliYTraissacPTraoreASAn infant and child feeding index is associated withthe nutritional status of 6- to 23-month-old children in rural Burkina FasoJ Nutr2006136656631:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitVOrtrg%3D10.1093/jn/136.3.65616484539
– reference: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF.National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-162017MumbaiIIPS
– reference: Ruel MT, Arimond M. Dietary diversity and growth: an analysis of recent demographic and health surveys. In: Brower ED, Traore AS, Treche S, editors. Food based approaches for a healthy nutrition in West Africa. Ouagadougou: University Press; 2004.
– reference: SwindaleABilinskyPHousehold dietary diversity score (HDDS) for measurement of household food access: indicator guide.2006Washington, DCFood and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development
– reference: Harris-FryHAzadKKuddusAShahaSNaharBHossenMSocio-economic determinants of household food security and women’s dietary diversity in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional studyJ Health Popul Nutr201533110.1186/s41043-015-0022-0
– reference: KehoeSHKrishnaveniGVVeenaSRGuntupalliAMMargettsBMFallCHDiet patterns are associated with demographic factors and nutritional status in South Indian childrenMatern Child Nutr2014101455810.1111/mcn.1204623819872
– reference: Pingali P. In: Pingali P, Evenson R, editors. Handbook of agricultural economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2010. p.3867–94.
– reference: World Health Organization.Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices part 1 definitions2007Washington, DCWorld Health Organization, Dept. of Child and Adolescent Health and Development
– reference: SteynNNelJNantelGKennedyGLabadariosDFood variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?Public Health Nutr20069644501:STN:280:DC%2BD28rgtVWntg%3D%3D10.1079/PHN200591216923296
– reference: WHO, UNICEF, USAID, FANTA, AED, UC DAVIS.Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices, Part 2: measurement2010GenevaThe World Health Organization
– reference: Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP), New ERA. ICF International Nepal demographic and health survey 2011, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal. Calverton : New ERA, and ICF International; 2012.
– reference: HauqeSyed EmdadulSakisakaKayakoRahmanMosiurExamining the relationship between socioeconomic status and the double burden of maternal over and child under-nutrition in BangladeshEuropean Journal of Clinical Nutrition201873453154010.1038/s41430-018-0162-629691487
– reference: TorheimLOuattaraFDiarraMThiamFBarikmoIHatløyANutrient adequacy and dietary diversity in rural Mali: association and determinantsEur J Clin Nutr2004585946041:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7kvVCkug%3D%3D10.1038/sj.ejcn.160185315042127
– reference: KhanREARazaMANutritional status of children in Bangladesh: measuring Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) and its determinants. PublishedPak J Commer Social Sci2014811231:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXpsleltbY%3D
– reference: Grebmer VK, Bernstein J, Hossain N, Brown T, Prasai N, Yohannes Y, et al. Global Hunger Index: The inequalities of hunger: Synopsis. Washington, DC, Bonn, and Dublin: International Food Policy Research Institute, Welthungerhilfe, and Concern Worldwide; 2017.
– reference: HoweLDHargreavesJRHuttlySRAIssues in the construction of wealth indices for the measurement of socio-economic position in low-income countriesEmerg Themes Epidemiol20085310.1186/1742-7622-5-3182340822248177
– reference: Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development. National Nutrition Mission to improve the nutritional indicators of women and children. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176441
– reference: CorsiDJMejía-GuevaraISubramanianSVImproving household-level nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive conditions key to reducing child undernutrition in IndiaSoc Sci Med201615718910.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.03926975835
– reference: KimRMejía-GuevaraICorsiDJAguayoVMSubramanianSVRelative importance of 13 correlates of child stunting in South Asia: Insights from nationally representative data from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and PakistanSoc Sci Med20171871445410.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.01728686964
– reference: GausmanJPerkinsJMLeeHYMejia-GuevaraINamYSLeeJKEcological and social patterns of child dietary diversity in India: a population-based studyNutrition201853778410.1016/j.nut.2018.01.00629660651
– reference: CodjoeSamuel Nii ArdeyOkutuDavidAbuMumuniUrban Household Characteristics and Dietary DiversityFood and Nutrition Bulletin201637220221810.1177/037957211663188226916113
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Snippet Background/Objectives Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the...
Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the pattern in food...
Background/Objectives Most interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the...
Background/ObjectivesMost interventions to foster child growth and development in India focus on improving food quality and quantity. We aimed to assess the...
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SubjectTerms 692/700/1538
692/700/2814
Children
Clinical Nutrition
Dairy products
Diet
Dietary intake
Education
Epidemiology
Food
Food consumption
Food groups
Food quality
Internal Medicine
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolic Diseases
Parent educational background
Patterning
Public Health
Regression analysis
Regression models
Socioeconomics
Title Socio-economic patterning of food consumption and dietary diversity among Indian children: evidence from NFHS-4
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