Nordic responses to Covid-19: Governance and policy measures in the early phases of the pandemic

•Declaration of emergency empowered central governance in Iceland, Finland and Norway.•Extended use of ad hoc experts group supplemented national advisory agencies.•Trust-based measures dominated, relying on peoples adherence to guidance.•Finland, Iceland and Norway had rigorous contact tracing from...

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Vydáno v:	Health policy (Amsterdam) Ročník 126; číslo 5; s. 418 - 426
Hlavní autoři:	Saunes, Ingrid Sperre, Vrangbæk, Karsten, Byrkjeflot, Haldor, Jervelund, Signe Smith, Birk, Hans Okkels, Tynkkynen, Liina-Kaisa, Keskimäki, Ilmo, Sigurgeirsdóttir, Sigurbjörg, Janlöv, Nils, Ramsberg, Joakim, Hernández-Quevedo, Cristina, Merkur, Sherry, Sagan, Anna, Karanikolos, Marina
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Ireland Elsevier B.V 01.05.2022 Elsevier Science Ltd The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V
Témata:	Comparative Research Coronaviruses COVID-19 Decision making Denmark Epidemics Epidemiology Finland Governance Health policy and administration Health services Humans Iceland - epidemiology Incidence influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries Internal Medicine Legislation Migrant workers Migrants Norway Pandemics Policy Public health Scandinavian and Nordic Countries - epidemiology Sweden System level Working conditions Denmark Sweden Norway Iceland Scandinavian and Nordic Countries Finland System level Health policy and administration Governance Comparative Research Public health influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries
ISSN:	0168-8510, 1872-6054, 1872-6054
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Abstract	•Declaration of emergency empowered central governance in Iceland, Finland and Norway.•Extended use of ad hoc experts group supplemented national advisory agencies.•Trust-based measures dominated, relying on peoples adherence to guidance.•Finland, Iceland and Norway had rigorous contact tracing from onset of pandemic.•Sweden had only regional pandemic preparedness plans. This paper explores and compares health system responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, in the context of existing governance features. Content compiled in the Covid-19 Health System Response Monitor combined with other publicly available country information serve as the foundation for this analysis. The analysis mainly covers early response until August 2020, but includes some key policy and epidemiological developments up until December 2020. Our findings suggest that despite the many similarities in adopted policy measures, the five countries display differences in implementation as well as outcomes. Declaration of state of emergency has differed in the Nordic region, whereas the emphasis on specialist advisory agencies in the decision-making process is a common feature. There may be differences in how respective populations complied with the recommended measures, and we suggest that other structural and circumstantial factors may have an important role in variations in outcomes across the Nordic countries. The high incidence rates among migrant populations and temporary migrant workers, as well as differences in working conditions are important factors to explore further. An important question for future research is how the COVID-19 epidemic will influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries.
AbstractList	•Declaration of emergency empowered central governance in Iceland, Finland and Norway.•Extended use of ad hoc experts group supplemented national advisory agencies.•Trust-based measures dominated, relying on peoples adherence to guidance.•Finland, Iceland and Norway had rigorous contact tracing from onset of pandemic.•Sweden had only regional pandemic preparedness plans. This paper explores and compares health system responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, in the context of existing governance features. Content compiled in the Covid-19 Health System Response Monitor combined with other publicly available country information serve as the foundation for this analysis. The analysis mainly covers early response until August 2020, but includes some key policy and epidemiological developments up until December 2020. Our findings suggest that despite the many similarities in adopted policy measures, the five countries display differences in implementation as well as outcomes. Declaration of state of emergency has differed in the Nordic region, whereas the emphasis on specialist advisory agencies in the decision-making process is a common feature. There may be differences in how respective populations complied with the recommended measures, and we suggest that other structural and circumstantial factors may have an important role in variations in outcomes across the Nordic countries. The high incidence rates among migrant populations and temporary migrant workers, as well as differences in working conditions are important factors to explore further. An important question for future research is how the COVID-19 epidemic will influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries. This paper explores and compares health system responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, in the context of existing governance features. Content compiled in the Covid-19 Health System Response Monitor combined with other publicly available country information serve as the foundation for this analysis. The analysis mainly covers early response until August 2020, but includes some key policy and epidemiological developments up until December 2020. Our findings suggest that despite the many similarities in adopted policy measures, the five countries display differences in implementation as well as outcomes. Declaration of state of emergency has differed in the Nordic region, whereas the emphasis on specialist advisory agencies in the decision-making process is a common feature. There may be differences in how respective populations complied with the recommended measures, and we suggest that other structural and circumstantial factors may have an important role in variations in outcomes across the Nordic countries. The high incidence rates among migrant populations and temporary migrant workers, as well as differences in working conditions are important factors to explore further. An important question for future research is how the COVID-19 epidemic will influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries. Highlights•Declaration of emergency empowered central governance in Iceland, Finland and Norway. •Extended use of ad hoc experts group supplemented national advisory agencies. •Trust-based measures dominated, relying on peoples adherence to guidance. •Finland, Iceland and Norway had rigorous contact tracing from onset of pandemic. •Sweden had only regional pandemic preparedness plans. This paper explores and compares health system responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, in the context of existing governance features. Content compiled in the Covid-19 Health System Response Monitor combined with other publicly available country information serve as the foundation for this analysis. The analysis mainly covers early response until August 2020, but includes some key policy and epidemiological developments up until December 2020. Our findings suggest that despite the many similarities in adopted policy measures, the five countries display differences in implementation as well as outcomes. Declaration of state of emergency has differed in the Nordic region, whereas the emphasis on specialist advisory agencies in the decision-making process is a common feature. There may be differences in how respective populations complied with the recommended measures, and we suggest that other structural and circumstantial factors may have an important role in variations in outcomes across the Nordic countries. The high incidence rates among migrant populations and temporary migrant workers, as well as differences in working conditions are important factors to explore further. An important question for future research is how the COVID-19 epidemic will influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries.This paper explores and compares health system responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, in the context of existing governance features. Content compiled in the Covid-19 Health System Response Monitor combined with other publicly available country information serve as the foundation for this analysis. The analysis mainly covers early response until August 2020, but includes some key policy and epidemiological developments up until December 2020. Our findings suggest that despite the many similarities in adopted policy measures, the five countries display differences in implementation as well as outcomes. Declaration of state of emergency has differed in the Nordic region, whereas the emphasis on specialist advisory agencies in the decision-making process is a common feature. There may be differences in how respective populations complied with the recommended measures, and we suggest that other structural and circumstantial factors may have an important role in variations in outcomes across the Nordic countries. The high incidence rates among migrant populations and temporary migrant workers, as well as differences in working conditions are important factors to explore further. An important question for future research is how the COVID-19 epidemic will influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries.
Author	Merkur, Sherry Sagan, Anna Janlöv, Nils Byrkjeflot, Haldor Birk, Hans Okkels Saunes, Ingrid Sperre Hernández-Quevedo, Cristina Sigurgeirsdóttir, Sigurbjörg Jervelund, Signe Smith Keskimäki, Ilmo Tynkkynen, Liina-Kaisa Karanikolos, Marina Vrangbæk, Karsten Ramsberg, Joakim
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ingrid Sperre surname: Saunes fullname: Saunes, Ingrid Sperre email: ingrid.saunes@fhi.no organization: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway – sequence: 2 givenname: Karsten surname: Vrangbæk fullname: Vrangbæk, Karsten email: kavr@sund.ku.dk organization: Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimandsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark – sequence: 3 givenname: Haldor surname: Byrkjeflot fullname: Byrkjeflot, Haldor email: haldor.byrkjeflot@sosgeo.uio.no organization: Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Postboks 1096, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway – sequence: 4 givenname: Signe Smith surname: Jervelund fullname: Jervelund, Signe Smith email: ssj@sund.ku.dk organization: Department of Public Health, Section for Health Services Research, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark – sequence: 5 givenname: Hans Okkels surname: Birk fullname: Birk, Hans Okkels email: hob@sund.ku.dk organization: Department of Public Health, Section for Health Services Research, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark – sequence: 6 givenname: Liina-Kaisa surname: Tynkkynen fullname: Tynkkynen, Liina-Kaisa email: liina-kaisa.tynkkynen@tuni.fi organization: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014, Finland – sequence: 7 givenname: Ilmo surname: Keskimäki fullname: Keskimäki, Ilmo email: ilmo.keskimaki@thl.fi organization: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014, Finland – sequence: 8 givenname: Sigurbjörg surname: Sigurgeirsdóttir fullname: Sigurgeirsdóttir, Sigurbjörg email: silla@hi.is organization: Department of Political Science, University of Iceland, Iceland – sequence: 9 givenname: Nils surname: Janlöv fullname: Janlöv, Nils email: Nils.Janlov@vardanalys.se organization: The Swedish Agency for Health and Care Services Analysis (Myndigheten för vård- och omsorgsanalys), Box 6070, 102 31 Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 10 givenname: Joakim surname: Ramsberg fullname: Ramsberg, Joakim email: Joakim.Ramsberg@vardanalys.se organization: The Swedish Agency for Health and Care Services Analysis (Myndigheten för vård- och omsorgsanalys), Box 6070, 102 31 Stockholm, Sweden – sequence: 11 givenname: Cristina surname: Hernández-Quevedo fullname: Hernández-Quevedo, Cristina email: C.Hernandez-Quevedo@lse.ac.uk organization: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, COW.4.05 London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK – sequence: 12 givenname: Sherry surname: Merkur fullname: Merkur, Sherry email: S.M.Merkur@lse.ac.uk organization: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, COW.4.05 London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK – sequence: 13 givenname: Anna surname: Sagan fullname: Sagan, Anna email: A.Sagan@lse.ac.uk organization: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, COW.4.05 London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK – sequence: 14 givenname: Marina surname: Karanikolos fullname: Karanikolos, Marina email: Marina.Karanikolos@lshtm.ac.uk organization: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK
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Snippet	•Declaration of emergency empowered central governance in Iceland, Finland and Norway.•Extended use of ad hoc experts group supplemented national advisory... Highlights•Declaration of emergency empowered central governance in Iceland, Finland and Norway. •Extended use of ad hoc experts group supplemented national... This paper explores and compares health system responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, in the context of existing...
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SubjectTerms	Comparative Research Coronaviruses COVID-19 Decision making Denmark Epidemics Epidemiology Finland Governance Health policy and administration Health services Humans Iceland - epidemiology Incidence influence legislation and key principles of governance in the Nordic countries Internal Medicine Legislation Migrant workers Migrants Norway Pandemics Policy Public health Scandinavian and Nordic Countries - epidemiology Sweden System level Working conditions
Title	Nordic responses to Covid-19: Governance and policy measures in the early phases of the pandemic
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