A systematic screen for protein–lipid interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid‐binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid‐binding d...

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Vydané v:Molecular systems biology Ročník 6; číslo 1; s. 430 - n/a
Hlavní autori: Gallego, Oriol, Betts, Matthew J, Gvozdenovic‐Jeremic, Jelena, Maeda, Kenji, Matetzki, Christian, Aguilar‐Gurrieri, Carmen, Beltran‐Alvarez, Pedro, Bonn, Stefan, Fernández‐Tornero, Carlos, Jensen, Lars Juhl, Kuhn, Michael, Trott, Jamie, Rybin, Vladimir, Müller, Christoph W, Bork, Peer, Kaksonen, Marko, Russell, Robert B, Gavin, Anne‐Claude
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: London Nature Publishing Group UK 30.11.2010
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
EMBO Press
Nature Publishing Group
Springer Nature
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ISSN:1744-4292, 1744-4292
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Abstract Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid‐binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid‐binding domains. We identified 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live‐cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid‐binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids. Synopsis Deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind cellular processes requires the systematic charting of the multitude of interactions between all cellular components. While protein–protein and protein–DNA networks have been the subject of many systematic surveys, other critically important cellular components, such as lipids, have to date rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screens. Growing numbers of lipids are known to operate as signaling molecules. The importance of protein–lipid interactions is evident from the variety of protein domains that have evolved to bind particular lipids (Lemmon, 2008 #392) and from the large list of disorders, such as cancer and bipolar disorder, arising from altered protein–lipid interactions. The current understanding of protein–lipid recognition comes from the study of a limited number of lipids, principally PtdInsPs (Zhu et al , 2001 #16), and lipid‐binding domains (LBDs) in isolation (Dowler et al , 2000 #81; Yu and Lemmon, 2001 #396; Yu et al , 2004 #31). For other signaling lipids, such as sphingolipids, intracellular targets and molecular mechanisms are only partially understood (Hannun and Obeid, 2008 #397). The importance of lipids in biological processes and their under‐representation in current biological networks suggest the need for systematic, unbiased biochemical screens. To systematically study protein–lipid interactions, we developed miniaturized arrays that contained sets of 56 lipids covering the main lipid classes in yeast. We used the arrays to determine the binding profiles of 172 soluble proteins. The selection included proteins that contained one or several predicted LBD that were lipid regulated or enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (Figure 1 ). We obtained 530 protein–lipid interactions (accuracy and coverage: 61 and 60%, respectively). More than half were supported by additional experimental evidences obtained from a large validation effort using a variety of biochemical and cell biology approaches, and the integration of a data set of genetic interactions (Figure 1 ). As a substantial fraction (45%) of the analyzed proteins were conserved in humans, the protein–lipid data set will have functional implications for higher eukaryotes and thus for human biology. Overall, 68% of all interactions were novel or unexpected from either protein sequences or known LBDs specificities. We discovered cryptic LBDs that were previously undetected in Ecm25 (a RhoGAP) and Ira2 (a RasGAP). We also identified a set of proteins that bound sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids that play important signaling functions in yeast and higher eukaryotes. The exact mode of action for these lipids remains elusive and the data set points to series of new cellular targets. We identified 63 proteins, involved in endocytosis, cell polarity and lipid metabolism that interacted with sphingoid long‐chain bases (LCBs), ceramides or phosphorylated LCBs (Figure 5 ). Despite the importance of sphingolipids in signaling processes, only a few domains, such as START or Saposins, have been reported to specifically bind these lipids in higher eukaryotes, and none of them have been found in yeast. Interestingly, almost 60% of proteins binding to phosphorylated LCBs in our assay also contained a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and bound PtdInsPs (Figure 5 ). This suggests some PH domains might have unanticipated ligands and also have a function in sphingolipid recognition. We showed, using a variety of biochemical and cell‐based assays, that the PH domain of Slm1, a component of the TORC2 signaling pathway (Fadri et al , 2005 #429), can bind PtdIns(4,5)P 2 and sphingolipid cooperatively. The structure of Slm1‐PH, which we solved by X‐ray crystallography at 2 Å resolution, suggests the presence of two positively charged binding pockets for anionic lipids. These results indicate that the PH domain of Slm1 might work as a coincidence sensor to integrate both PtdInsP and sphingolipid signaling pathways. This reinforces the emerging notion that cooperative mechanisms have important functions in PH domains functioning (Maffucci and Falasca, 2001 #528). These mechanisms initially described between PtdInsPs and proteins can now be extended to new lipid classes, illustrating the benefit of unbiased and systematic analyses. This work shows the feasibility and benefits of large‐scale analyses combining biochemical arrays and live‐cell imaging for charting protein–lipid interactions. Accurate representations of biological processes require systematic charting of the physical and functional links between all cellular components. There is a clear need to expand molecular interaction space from proteome‐ to metabolome‐wide efforts and of systematic classifications of bioactive molecules based on their binding profiles. The data provided here represents an excellent resource to enhance the understanding of lipids function in eukaryotic systems. Lipids are important cellular metabolites, with a wide range of structural and functional diversity. Many operate as signaling molecules. Lipids though have rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screen; they are poorly represented in current biological networks. Here, we describe the use of miniaturized lipid–arrays for the large‐scale study of protein–lipid interactions. In yeast, we show general feasibility with a systematic screen implying 172 proteins. We report 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority is novel and several were validated using other techniques. The screen uncovers numerous insights into lipid function in yeast and equivalent systems in humans. It revealed (i) previously undetected cryptic lipid‐binding domains, (ii) series of new cellular targets for sphingolipids and (iii) new ligands for some PH domains that can cooperatively bind additional lipids and work as coincidence sensor to integrate both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and sphingolipid signaling pathways. The significant number of biological insights uncovered shows that even major classes of metabolites have been insufficiently studied. This illustrates the general relevance of such systematic screens and calls for further system‐wide analyses.
AbstractList Lipids are important cellular metabolites, with a wide range of structural and functional diversity. Many operate as signaling molecules. Lipids though have rarely been studied in large-scale interaction screen; they are poorly represented in current biological networks. Here, we describe the use of miniaturized lipid–arrays for the large-scale study of protein–lipid interactions. In yeast, we show general feasibility with a systematic screen implying 172 proteins. We report 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority is novel and several were validated using other techniques. The screen uncovers numerous insights into lipid function in yeast and equivalent systems in humans. It revealed (i) previously undetected cryptic lipid-binding domains, (ii) series of new cellular targets for sphingolipids and (iii) new ligands for some PH domains that can cooperatively bind additional lipids and work as coincidence sensor to integrate both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and sphingolipid signaling pathways. The significant number of biological insights uncovered shows that even major classes of metabolites have been insufficiently studied. This illustrates the general relevance of such systematic screens and calls for further system-wide analyses. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind cellular processes requires the systematic charting of the multitude of interactions between all cellular components. While protein–protein and protein–DNA networks have been the subject of many systematic surveys, other critically important cellular components, such as lipids, have to date rarely been studied in large-scale interaction screens. Growing numbers of lipids are known to operate as signaling molecules. The importance of protein–lipid interactions is evident from the variety of protein domains that have evolved to bind particular lipids (Lemmon, 2008 #392) and from the large list of disorders, such as cancer and bipolar disorder, arising from altered protein–lipid interactions. The current understanding of protein–lipid recognition comes from the study of a limited number of lipids, principally PtdInsPs (Zhu et al, 2001 #16), and lipid-binding domains (LBDs) in isolation (Dowler et al, 2000 #81; Yu and Lemmon, 2001 #396; Yu et al, 2004 #31). For other signaling lipids, such as sphingolipids, intracellular targets and molecular mechanisms are only partially understood (Hannun and Obeid, 2008 #397). The importance of lipids in biological processes and their under-representation in current biological networks suggest the need for systematic, unbiased biochemical screens. To systematically study protein–lipid interactions, we developed miniaturized arrays that contained sets of 56 lipids covering the main lipid classes in yeast. We used the arrays to determine the binding profiles of 172 soluble proteins. The selection included proteins that contained one or several predicted LBD that were lipid regulated or enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (Figure 1). We obtained 530 protein–lipid interactions (accuracy and coverage: 61 and 60%, respectively). More than half were supported by additional experimental evidences obtained from a large validation effort using a variety of biochemical and cell biology approaches, and the integration of a data set of genetic interactions (Figure 1). As a substantial fraction (45%) of the analyzed proteins were conserved in humans, the protein–lipid data set will have functional implications for higher eukaryotes and thus for human biology. Overall, 68% of all interactions were novel or unexpected from either protein sequences or known LBDs specificities. We discovered cryptic LBDs that were previously undetected in Ecm25 (a RhoGAP) and Ira2 (a RasGAP). We also identified a set of proteins that bound sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids that play important signaling functions in yeast and higher eukaryotes. The exact mode of action for these lipids remains elusive and the data set points to series of new cellular targets. We identified 63 proteins, involved in endocytosis, cell polarity and lipid metabolism that interacted with sphingoid long-chain bases (LCBs), ceramides or phosphorylated LCBs (Figure 5). Despite the importance of sphingolipids in signaling processes, only a few domains, such as START or Saposins, have been reported to specifically bind these lipids in higher eukaryotes, and none of them have been found in yeast. Interestingly, almost 60% of proteins binding to phosphorylated LCBs in our assay also contained a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and bound PtdInsPs (Figure 5). This suggests some PH domains might have unanticipated ligands and also have a function in sphingolipid recognition. We showed, using a variety of biochemical and cell-based assays, that the PH domain of Slm1, a component of the TORC2 signaling pathway (Fadri et al, 2005 #429), can bind PtdIns(4,5)P2 and sphingolipid cooperatively. The structure of Slm1-PH, which we solved by X-ray crystallography at 2 Å resolution, suggests the presence of two positively charged binding pockets for anionic lipids. These results indicate that the PH domain of Slm1 might work as a coincidence sensor to integrate both PtdInsP and sphingolipid signaling pathways. This reinforces the emerging notion that cooperative mechanisms have important functions in PH domains functioning (Maffucci and Falasca, 2001 #528). These mechanisms initially described between PtdInsPs and proteins can now be extended to new lipid classes, illustrating the benefit of unbiased and systematic analyses. This work shows the feasibility and benefits of large-scale analyses combining biochemical arrays and live-cell imaging for charting protein–lipid interactions. Accurate representations of biological processes require systematic charting of the physical and functional links between all cellular components. There is a clear need to expand molecular interaction space from proteome- to metabolome-wide efforts and of systematic classifications of bioactive molecules based on their binding profiles. The data provided here represents an excellent resource to enhance the understanding of lipids function in eukaryotic systems. Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid-binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid-binding domains. We identified 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live-cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid-binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids.
Protein-metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein-lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid-binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid-binding domains. We identified 530 protein-lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live-cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid-binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids. Synopsis Deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind cellular processes requires the systematic charting of the multitude of interactions between all cellular components. While protein-protein and protein-DNA networks have been the subject of many systematic surveys, other critically important cellular components, such as lipids, have to date rarely been studied in large-scale interaction screens. Growing numbers of lipids are known to operate as signaling molecules. The importance of protein-lipid interactions is evident from the variety of protein domains that have evolved to bind particular lipids ( Lemmon, 2008 #392) and from the large list of disorders, such as cancer and bipolar disorder, arising from altered protein-lipid interactions. The current understanding of protein-lipid recognition comes from the study of a limited number of lipids, principally PtdInsPs ( Zhu , 2001 #16), and lipid-binding domains (LBDs) in isolation ( Dowler , 2000 #81; Yu and Lemmon, 2001 #396; Yu , 2004 #31). For other signaling lipids, such as sphingolipids, intracellular targets and molecular mechanisms are only partially understood ( Hannun and Obeid, 2008 #397). The importance of lipids in biological processes and their under-representation in current biological networks suggest the need for systematic, unbiased biochemical screens. To systematically study protein-lipid interactions, we developed miniaturized arrays that contained sets of 56 lipids covering the main lipid classes in yeast. We used the arrays to determine the binding profiles of 172 soluble proteins. The selection included proteins that contained one or several predicted LBD that were lipid regulated or enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (Figure 1). We obtained 530 protein-lipid interactions (accuracy and coverage: 61 and 60%, respectively). More than half were supported by additional experimental evidences obtained from a large validation effort using a variety of biochemical and cell biology approaches, and the integration of a data set of genetic interactions (Figure 1). As a substantial fraction (45%) of the analyzed proteins were conserved in humans, the protein-lipid data set will have functional implications for higher eukaryotes and thus for human biology. Overall, 68% of all interactions were novel or unexpected from either protein sequences or known LBDs specificities. We discovered cryptic LBDs that were previously undetected in Ecm25 (a RhoGAP) and Ira2 (a RasGAP). We also identified a set of proteins that bound sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids that play important signaling functions in yeast and higher eukaryotes. The exact mode of action for these lipids remains elusive and the data set points to series of new cellular targets. We identified 63 proteins, involved in endocytosis, cell polarity and lipid metabolism that interacted with sphingoid long-chain bases (LCBs), ceramides or phosphorylated LCBs (Figure 5). Despite the importance of sphingolipids in signaling processes, only a few domains, such as START or Saposins, have been reported to specifically bind these lipids in higher eukaryotes, and none of them have been found in yeast. Interestingly, almost 60% of proteins binding to phosphorylated LCBs in our assay also contained a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and bound PtdInsPs (Figure 5). This suggests some PH domains might have unanticipated ligands and also have a function in sphingolipid recognition. We showed, using a variety of biochemical and cell-based assays, that the PH domain of Slm1, a component of the TORC2 signaling pathway ( Fadri , 2005 #429), can bind PtdIns(4,5)P sub(2) and sphingolipid cooperatively. The structure of Slm1-PH, which we solved by X-ray crystallography at 2 Aa resolution, suggests the presence of two positively charged binding pockets for anionic lipids. These results indicate that the PH domain of Slm1 might work as a coincidence sensor to integrate both PtdInsP and sphingolipid signaling pathways. This reinforces the emerging notion that cooperative mechanisms have important functions in PH domains functioning ( Maffucci and Falasca, 2001 #528). These mechanisms initially described between PtdInsPs and proteins can now be extended to new lipid classes, illustrating the benefit of unbiased and systematic analyses. This work shows the feasibility and benefits of large-scale analyses combining biochemical arrays and live-cell imaging for charting protein-lipid interactions. Accurate representations of biological processes require systematic charting of the physical and functional links between all cellular components. There is a clear need to expand molecular interaction space from proteome- to metabolome-wide efforts and of systematic classifications of bioactive molecules based on their binding profiles. The data provided here represents an excellent resource to enhance the understanding of lipids function in eukaryotic systems.
Protein-metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein-lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid-binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid-binding domains. We identified 530 protein-lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live-cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid-binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids.
Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid‐binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid‐binding domains. We identified 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live‐cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid‐binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids. Synopsis Deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind cellular processes requires the systematic charting of the multitude of interactions between all cellular components. While protein–protein and protein–DNA networks have been the subject of many systematic surveys, other critically important cellular components, such as lipids, have to date rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screens. Growing numbers of lipids are known to operate as signaling molecules. The importance of protein–lipid interactions is evident from the variety of protein domains that have evolved to bind particular lipids (Lemmon, 2008 #392) and from the large list of disorders, such as cancer and bipolar disorder, arising from altered protein–lipid interactions. The current understanding of protein–lipid recognition comes from the study of a limited number of lipids, principally PtdInsPs (Zhu et al, 2001 #16), and lipid‐binding domains (LBDs) in isolation (Dowler et al, 2000 #81; Yu and Lemmon, 2001 #396; Yu et al, 2004 #31). For other signaling lipids, such as sphingolipids, intracellular targets and molecular mechanisms are only partially understood (Hannun and Obeid, 2008 #397). The importance of lipids in biological processes and their under‐representation in current biological networks suggest the need for systematic, unbiased biochemical screens. To systematically study protein–lipid interactions, we developed miniaturized arrays that contained sets of 56 lipids covering the main lipid classes in yeast. We used the arrays to determine the binding profiles of 172 soluble proteins. The selection included proteins that contained one or several predicted LBD that were lipid regulated or enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (Figure 1). We obtained 530 protein–lipid interactions (accuracy and coverage: 61 and 60%, respectively). More than half were supported by additional experimental evidences obtained from a large validation effort using a variety of biochemical and cell biology approaches, and the integration of a data set of genetic interactions (Figure 1). As a substantial fraction (45%) of the analyzed proteins were conserved in humans, the protein–lipid data set will have functional implications for higher eukaryotes and thus for human biology. Overall, 68% of all interactions were novel or unexpected from either protein sequences or known LBDs specificities. We discovered cryptic LBDs that were previously undetected in Ecm25 (a RhoGAP) and Ira2 (a RasGAP). We also identified a set of proteins that bound sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids that play important signaling functions in yeast and higher eukaryotes. The exact mode of action for these lipids remains elusive and the data set points to series of new cellular targets. We identified 63 proteins, involved in endocytosis, cell polarity and lipid metabolism that interacted with sphingoid long‐chain bases (LCBs), ceramides or phosphorylated LCBs (Figure 5). Despite the importance of sphingolipids in signaling processes, only a few domains, such as START or Saposins, have been reported to specifically bind these lipids in higher eukaryotes, and none of them have been found in yeast. Interestingly, almost 60% of proteins binding to phosphorylated LCBs in our assay also contained a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and bound PtdInsPs (Figure 5). This suggests some PH domains might have unanticipated ligands and also have a function in sphingolipid recognition. We showed, using a variety of biochemical and cell‐based assays, that the PH domain of Slm1, a component of the TORC2 signaling pathway (Fadri et al, 2005 #429), can bind PtdIns(4,5)P2 and sphingolipid cooperatively. The structure of Slm1‐PH, which we solved by X‐ray crystallography at 2 Å resolution, suggests the presence of two positively charged binding pockets for anionic lipids. These results indicate that the PH domain of Slm1 might work as a coincidence sensor to integrate both PtdInsP and sphingolipid signaling pathways. This reinforces the emerging notion that cooperative mechanisms have important functions in PH domains functioning (Maffucci and Falasca, 2001 #528). These mechanisms initially described between PtdInsPs and proteins can now be extended to new lipid classes, illustrating the benefit of unbiased and systematic analyses. This work shows the feasibility and benefits of large‐scale analyses combining biochemical arrays and live‐cell imaging for charting protein–lipid interactions. Accurate representations of biological processes require systematic charting of the physical and functional links between all cellular components. There is a clear need to expand molecular interaction space from proteome‐ to metabolome‐wide efforts and of systematic classifications of bioactive molecules based on their binding profiles. The data provided here represents an excellent resource to enhance the understanding of lipids function in eukaryotic systems. Lipids are important cellular metabolites, with a wide range of structural and functional diversity. Many operate as signaling molecules. Lipids though have rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screen; they are poorly represented in current biological networks. Here, we describe the use of miniaturized lipid–arrays for the large‐scale study of protein–lipid interactions. In yeast, we show general feasibility with a systematic screen implying 172 proteins. We report 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority is novel and several were validated using other techniques. The screen uncovers numerous insights into lipid function in yeast and equivalent systems in humans. It revealed (i) previously undetected cryptic lipid‐binding domains, (ii) series of new cellular targets for sphingolipids and (iii) new ligands for some PH domains that can cooperatively bind additional lipids and work as coincidence sensor to integrate both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and sphingolipid signaling pathways. The significant number of biological insights uncovered shows that even major classes of metabolites have been insufficiently studied. This illustrates the general relevance of such systematic screens and calls for further system‐wide analyses.
Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid‐binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid‐binding domains. We identified 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live‐cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid‐binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind cellular processes requires the systematic charting of the multitude of interactions between all cellular components. While protein–protein and protein–DNA networks have been the subject of many systematic surveys, other critically important cellular components, such as lipids, have to date rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screens. Growing numbers of lipids are known to operate as signaling molecules. The importance of protein–lipid interactions is evident from the variety of protein domains that have evolved to bind particular lipids ( Lemmon, 2008 #392) and from the large list of disorders, such as cancer and bipolar disorder, arising from altered protein–lipid interactions. The current understanding of protein–lipid recognition comes from the study of a limited number of lipids, principally PtdInsPs ( Zhu et al , 2001 #16), and lipid‐binding domains (LBDs) in isolation ( Dowler et al , 2000 #81; Yu and Lemmon, 2001 #396; Yu et al , 2004 #31). For other signaling lipids, such as sphingolipids, intracellular targets and molecular mechanisms are only partially understood ( Hannun and Obeid, 2008 #397). The importance of lipids in biological processes and their under‐representation in current biological networks suggest the need for systematic, unbiased biochemical screens. To systematically study protein–lipid interactions, we developed miniaturized arrays that contained sets of 56 lipids covering the main lipid classes in yeast. We used the arrays to determine the binding profiles of 172 soluble proteins. The selection included proteins that contained one or several predicted LBD that were lipid regulated or enzymes involved in lipid metabolism ( Figure 1 ). We obtained 530 protein–lipid interactions (accuracy and coverage: 61 and 60%, respectively). More than half were supported by additional experimental evidences obtained from a large validation effort using a variety of biochemical and cell biology approaches, and the integration of a data set of genetic interactions ( Figure 1 ). As a substantial fraction (45%) of the analyzed proteins were conserved in humans, the protein–lipid data set will have functional implications for higher eukaryotes and thus for human biology. Overall, 68% of all interactions were novel or unexpected from either protein sequences or known LBDs specificities. We discovered cryptic LBDs that were previously undetected in Ecm25 (a RhoGAP) and Ira2 (a RasGAP). We also identified a set of proteins that bound sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids that play important signaling functions in yeast and higher eukaryotes. The exact mode of action for these lipids remains elusive and the data set points to series of new cellular targets. We identified 63 proteins, involved in endocytosis, cell polarity and lipid metabolism that interacted with sphingoid long‐chain bases (LCBs), ceramides or phosphorylated LCBs ( Figure 5 ). Despite the importance of sphingolipids in signaling processes, only a few domains, such as START or Saposins, have been reported to specifically bind these lipids in higher eukaryotes, and none of them have been found in yeast. Interestingly, almost 60% of proteins binding to phosphorylated LCBs in our assay also contained a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and bound PtdInsPs ( Figure 5 ). This suggests some PH domains might have unanticipated ligands and also have a function in sphingolipid recognition. We showed, using a variety of biochemical and cell‐based assays, that the PH domain of Slm1, a component of the TORC2 signaling pathway ( Fadri et al , 2005 #429), can bind PtdIns(4,5)P 2 and sphingolipid cooperatively. The structure of Slm1‐PH, which we solved by X‐ray crystallography at 2 Å resolution, suggests the presence of two positively charged binding pockets for anionic lipids. These results indicate that the PH domain of Slm1 might work as a coincidence sensor to integrate both PtdInsP and sphingolipid signaling pathways. This reinforces the emerging notion that cooperative mechanisms have important functions in PH domains functioning ( Maffucci and Falasca, 2001 #528). These mechanisms initially described between PtdInsPs and proteins can now be extended to new lipid classes, illustrating the benefit of unbiased and systematic analyses. This work shows the feasibility and benefits of large‐scale analyses combining biochemical arrays and live‐cell imaging for charting protein–lipid interactions. Accurate representations of biological processes require systematic charting of the physical and functional links between all cellular components. There is a clear need to expand molecular interaction space from proteome‐ to metabolome‐wide efforts and of systematic classifications of bioactive molecules based on their binding profiles. The data provided here represents an excellent resource to enhance the understanding of lipids function in eukaryotic systems. Lipids are important cellular metabolites, with a wide range of structural and functional diversity. Many operate as signaling molecules. Lipids though have rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screen; they are poorly represented in current biological networks. Here, we describe the use of miniaturized lipid–arrays for the large‐scale study of protein–lipid interactions. In yeast, we show general feasibility with a systematic screen implying 172 proteins. We report 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority is novel and several were validated using other techniques. The screen uncovers numerous insights into lipid function in yeast and equivalent systems in humans. It revealed (i) previously undetected cryptic lipid‐binding domains, (ii) series of new cellular targets for sphingolipids and (iii) new ligands for some PH domains that can cooperatively bind additional lipids and work as coincidence sensor to integrate both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and sphingolipid signaling pathways. The significant number of biological insights uncovered shows that even major classes of metabolites have been insufficiently studied. This illustrates the general relevance of such systematic screens and calls for further system‐wide analyses.
Abstract Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid‐binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid‐binding domains. We identified 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live‐cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid‐binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids.
Protein-metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein-lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid-binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid-binding domains. We identified 530 protein-lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live-cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid-binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids.Protein-metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein-lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid-binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid-binding domains. We identified 530 protein-lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live-cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid-binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids.
Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions in yeast. We used arrays of 56 metabolites to measure lipid‐binding fingerprints of 172 proteins, including 91 with predicted lipid‐binding domains. We identified 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority of which are novel. To show the data set's biological value, we studied further several novel interactions with sphingolipids, a class of conserved bioactive lipids with an elusive mode of action. Integration of live‐cell imaging suggests new cellular targets for these molecules, including several with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Validated interactions with Slm1, a regulator of actin polarization, show that PH domains can have unexpected lipid‐binding specificities and can act as coincidence sensors for both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphorylated sphingolipids. Synopsis Deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind cellular processes requires the systematic charting of the multitude of interactions between all cellular components. While protein–protein and protein–DNA networks have been the subject of many systematic surveys, other critically important cellular components, such as lipids, have to date rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screens. Growing numbers of lipids are known to operate as signaling molecules. The importance of protein–lipid interactions is evident from the variety of protein domains that have evolved to bind particular lipids (Lemmon, 2008 #392) and from the large list of disorders, such as cancer and bipolar disorder, arising from altered protein–lipid interactions. The current understanding of protein–lipid recognition comes from the study of a limited number of lipids, principally PtdInsPs (Zhu et al , 2001 #16), and lipid‐binding domains (LBDs) in isolation (Dowler et al , 2000 #81; Yu and Lemmon, 2001 #396; Yu et al , 2004 #31). For other signaling lipids, such as sphingolipids, intracellular targets and molecular mechanisms are only partially understood (Hannun and Obeid, 2008 #397). The importance of lipids in biological processes and their under‐representation in current biological networks suggest the need for systematic, unbiased biochemical screens. To systematically study protein–lipid interactions, we developed miniaturized arrays that contained sets of 56 lipids covering the main lipid classes in yeast. We used the arrays to determine the binding profiles of 172 soluble proteins. The selection included proteins that contained one or several predicted LBD that were lipid regulated or enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (Figure 1 ). We obtained 530 protein–lipid interactions (accuracy and coverage: 61 and 60%, respectively). More than half were supported by additional experimental evidences obtained from a large validation effort using a variety of biochemical and cell biology approaches, and the integration of a data set of genetic interactions (Figure 1 ). As a substantial fraction (45%) of the analyzed proteins were conserved in humans, the protein–lipid data set will have functional implications for higher eukaryotes and thus for human biology. Overall, 68% of all interactions were novel or unexpected from either protein sequences or known LBDs specificities. We discovered cryptic LBDs that were previously undetected in Ecm25 (a RhoGAP) and Ira2 (a RasGAP). We also identified a set of proteins that bound sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids that play important signaling functions in yeast and higher eukaryotes. The exact mode of action for these lipids remains elusive and the data set points to series of new cellular targets. We identified 63 proteins, involved in endocytosis, cell polarity and lipid metabolism that interacted with sphingoid long‐chain bases (LCBs), ceramides or phosphorylated LCBs (Figure 5 ). Despite the importance of sphingolipids in signaling processes, only a few domains, such as START or Saposins, have been reported to specifically bind these lipids in higher eukaryotes, and none of them have been found in yeast. Interestingly, almost 60% of proteins binding to phosphorylated LCBs in our assay also contained a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and bound PtdInsPs (Figure 5 ). This suggests some PH domains might have unanticipated ligands and also have a function in sphingolipid recognition. We showed, using a variety of biochemical and cell‐based assays, that the PH domain of Slm1, a component of the TORC2 signaling pathway (Fadri et al , 2005 #429), can bind PtdIns(4,5)P 2 and sphingolipid cooperatively. The structure of Slm1‐PH, which we solved by X‐ray crystallography at 2 Å resolution, suggests the presence of two positively charged binding pockets for anionic lipids. These results indicate that the PH domain of Slm1 might work as a coincidence sensor to integrate both PtdInsP and sphingolipid signaling pathways. This reinforces the emerging notion that cooperative mechanisms have important functions in PH domains functioning (Maffucci and Falasca, 2001 #528). These mechanisms initially described between PtdInsPs and proteins can now be extended to new lipid classes, illustrating the benefit of unbiased and systematic analyses. This work shows the feasibility and benefits of large‐scale analyses combining biochemical arrays and live‐cell imaging for charting protein–lipid interactions. Accurate representations of biological processes require systematic charting of the physical and functional links between all cellular components. There is a clear need to expand molecular interaction space from proteome‐ to metabolome‐wide efforts and of systematic classifications of bioactive molecules based on their binding profiles. The data provided here represents an excellent resource to enhance the understanding of lipids function in eukaryotic systems. Lipids are important cellular metabolites, with a wide range of structural and functional diversity. Many operate as signaling molecules. Lipids though have rarely been studied in large‐scale interaction screen; they are poorly represented in current biological networks. Here, we describe the use of miniaturized lipid–arrays for the large‐scale study of protein–lipid interactions. In yeast, we show general feasibility with a systematic screen implying 172 proteins. We report 530 protein–lipid associations, the majority is novel and several were validated using other techniques. The screen uncovers numerous insights into lipid function in yeast and equivalent systems in humans. It revealed (i) previously undetected cryptic lipid‐binding domains, (ii) series of new cellular targets for sphingolipids and (iii) new ligands for some PH domains that can cooperatively bind additional lipids and work as coincidence sensor to integrate both phosphatidylinositol phosphates and sphingolipid signaling pathways. The significant number of biological insights uncovered shows that even major classes of metabolites have been insufficiently studied. This illustrates the general relevance of such systematic screens and calls for further system‐wide analyses.
Author Kuhn, Michael
Müller, Christoph W
Betts, Matthew J
Bork, Peer
Gvozdenovic‐Jeremic, Jelena
Gavin, Anne‐Claude
Rybin, Vladimir
Gallego, Oriol
Maeda, Kenji
Bonn, Stefan
Fernández‐Tornero, Carlos
Matetzki, Christian
Aguilar‐Gurrieri, Carmen
Beltran‐Alvarez, Pedro
Kaksonen, Marko
Jensen, Lars Juhl
Trott, Jamie
Russell, Robert B
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  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Networks, University of Heidelberg
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  givenname: Jelena
  surname: Gvozdenovic‐Jeremic
  fullname: Gvozdenovic‐Jeremic, Jelena
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  fullname: Maeda, Kenji
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  fullname: Matetzki, Christian
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  fullname: Aguilar‐Gurrieri, Carmen
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  fullname: Beltran‐Alvarez, Pedro
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  surname: Fernández‐Tornero
  fullname: Fernández‐Tornero, Carlos
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas‐CSIC
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Lars Juhl
  surname: Jensen
  fullname: Jensen, Lars Juhl
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Michael
  surname: Kuhn
  fullname: Kuhn, Michael
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biotec, TU Dresden
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  givenname: Jamie
  surname: Trott
  fullname: Trott, Jamie
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  givenname: Vladimir
  surname: Rybin
  fullname: Rybin, Vladimir
  organization: Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  givenname: Christoph W
  surname: Müller
  fullname: Müller, Christoph W
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  organization: Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
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  surname: Russell
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  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Networks, University of Heidelberg
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  surname: Gavin
  fullname: Gavin, Anne‐Claude
  email: gavin@embl.de
  organization: Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21119626$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords pleckstrin homology domains
interactome
lipid‐array
sphingolipids
network
Language English
License Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike 3.0 Unported License, which allows readers to alter, transform, or build upon the article and then distribute the resulting work under the same or similar license to this one. The work must be attributed back to the original author and commercial use is not permitted without specific permission.
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content type line 14
content type line 23
Present address: Biotec, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Present address: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Present address: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Present address: Cell Networks, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
OpenAccessLink https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1038%2Fmsb.2010.87
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PublicationTitle Molecular systems biology
PublicationTitleAbbrev Mol Syst Biol
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John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Snippet Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid interactions...
Protein-metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein-lipid interactions...
Lipids are important cellular metabolites, with a wide range of structural and functional diversity. Many operate as signaling molecules. Lipids though have...
Abstract Protein–metabolite networks are central to biological systems, but are incompletely understood. Here, we report a screen to catalog protein–lipid...
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StartPage 430
SubjectTerms Actin
Algorithms
Baking yeast
Binding
E coli
EMBO20
EMBO37
Enzymes
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins - analysis
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins - chemistry
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins - metabolism
High-Throughput Screening Assays - methods
Homology
interactome
Kinases
Lipid Metabolism - physiology
Lipid-Linked Proteins - analysis
Lipid-Linked Proteins - chemistry
Lipid-Linked Proteins - metabolism
Lipids
Lipids - analysis
lipid‐array
Membranes
Metabolism
Metabolites
Metabolome
Mode of action
Models, Biological
network
Phosphates
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol phosphates
Pleckstrin
pleckstrin homology domains
Protein Array Analysis - methods
Protein Binding
Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs - physiology
Proteins
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - chemistry
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - metabolism
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins - analysis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins - chemistry
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins - metabolism
Sphingolipids
Validation Studies as Topic
Yeast
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Title A systematic screen for protein–lipid interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/msb.2010.87
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1038%2Fmsb.2010.87
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Volume 6
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