Toughening and brittle-tough transition in polyamide 12-organoclay/maleated styrene-ethylene-co-butylene-styrene nanocomposites

Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12‐clay nanocomposite by melt processing. The nanostructure behavior was evaluated by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the org...

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Published in:	Polymer engineering and science Vol. 53; no. 6; pp. 1187 - 1195
Main Authors:	González, Imanol, Zabaleta, Asier, Eguiazábal, José Ignacio
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.06.2013 Wiley Society of Plastics Engineers, Inc Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Subjects:	Applied sciences Clay Compatibility Composites Composition Diffraction Dispersions Ductility Exact sciences and technology Forms of application and semi-finished materials Identification and classification Mechanical properties Nanocomposites Nanostructure Nanostructured materials Phase transformations (Statistical physics) Polyamide resins Polymer industry, paints, wood Polymeric composites Polymers Rubber Stiffness Strength of materials Styrene Surfactants Technology of polymers Transmission electron microscopy Spain Strengthening Organic clay SEBS Dispersion degree Mechanical properties Thermoplastic rubber Dispersion reinforced material Organic anhydride Experimental study Compatibilizer Functional polymer Composite material Triblock copolymer Impact strength Morphology Aliphatic polymer Concentration effect Amide 12 polymer Extrusion Nanocomposite Technological properties
ISSN:	0032-3888, 1548-2634
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Abstract	Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12‐clay nanocomposite by melt processing. The nanostructure behavior was evaluated by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the organoclay was highly dispersed and mostly located in the PA12 matrix due to the larger affinity between the polyamide and the clay, but some of the organoclay was also present in the polymer/polymer interface. The presence of organoclay slightly increased the dispersed particle size, indicating decreased compatibilization. This was attributed to a partial shielding of maleic anhydride compatibilizer by surfactant. The addition of the elastomer considerably improved the toughness of the PA12‐based nanocomposites, maintaining its stiffness; i.e., the nanocomposites with 25% rubber content showed an increase of 25‐fold of notched impact strength of the PA12 matrix, meanwhile ductility and stiffness remained constant. This allowed us to obtain toughened PA12 PNs throughout a large range of strain rate and a modulus similar to that of the unmodified PA12. The position of the brittle/tough transition in terms of rubber content, determined by the standard notched Izod test (25% mSEBS) is basically the same as that determined by the essential work of fracture procedure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
AbstractList	Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12-clay nanocomposite by melt processing. The nanostructure behavior was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the organoclay was highly dispersed and mostly located in the PA12 matrix due to the larger affinity between the polyamide and the clay, but some of the organoclay was also present in the polymer/polymer interface. The presence of organoclay slightly increased the dispersed particle size, indicating decreased compatibilization. This was attributed to a partial shielding of maleic anhydride compatibilizer by surfactant. The addition of the elastomer considerably improved the toughness of the PA12-based nanocomposites, maintaining its stiffness; i.e., the nanocomposites with 25% rubber content showed an increase of 25-fold of notched impact strength of the PA12 matrix, meanwhile ductility and stiffness remained constant. This allowed us to obtain toughened PA12 PNs throughout a large range of strain rate and a modulus similar to that of the unmodified PA12. The position of the brittle/tough transition in terms of rubber content, determined by the standard notched Izod test (25% mSEBS) is basically the same as that determined by the essential work of fracture procedure. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12‐clay nanocomposite by melt processing. The nanostructure behavior was evaluated by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the organoclay was highly dispersed and mostly located in the PA12 matrix due to the larger affinity between the polyamide and the clay, but some of the organoclay was also present in the polymer/polymer interface. The presence of organoclay slightly increased the dispersed particle size, indicating decreased compatibilization. This was attributed to a partial shielding of maleic anhydride compatibilizer by surfactant. The addition of the elastomer considerably improved the toughness of the PA12‐based nanocomposites, maintaining its stiffness; i.e., the nanocomposites with 25% rubber content showed an increase of 25‐fold of notched impact strength of the PA12 matrix, meanwhile ductility and stiffness remained constant. This allowed us to obtain toughened PA12 PNs throughout a large range of strain rate and a modulus similar to that of the unmodified PA12. The position of the brittle/tough transition in terms of rubber content, determined by the standard notched Izod test (25% mSEBS) is basically the same as that determined by the essential work of fracture procedure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12-clay nanocomposite by melt processing. The nanostructure behavior was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the organoclay was highly dispersed and mostly located in the PA12 matrix due to the larger affinity between the polyamide and the clay, but some of the organoclay was also present in the polymer/polymer interface. The presence of organoclay slightly increased the dispersed particle size, indicating decreased compatibilization. This was attributed to a partial shielding of maleic anhydride compatibilizer by surfactant. The addition of the elastomer considerably improved the toughness of the PA12-based nanocomposites, maintaining its stiffness; i.e., the nanocomposites with 25% rubber content showed an increase of 25-fold of notched impact strength of the PA12 matrix, meanwhile ductility and stiffness remained constant. This allowed us to obtain toughened PA12 PNs throughout a large range of strain rate and a modulus similar to that of the unmodified PA12. The position of the brittle/tough transition in terms of rubber content, determined by the standard notched Izod test (25% mSEBS) is basically the same as that determined by the essential work of fracture procedure. [PUBLICATIONABSTRACT] Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12-clay nanocomposite by melt processing. The nanostructure behavior was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the organoclay was highly dispersed and mostly located in the PA12 matrix due to the larger affinity between the polyamide and the clay, but some of the organoclay was also present in the polymer/polymer interface. The presence of organoclay slightly increased the dispersed particle size, indicating decreased compatibilization. This was attributed to a partial shielding of maleic anhydride compatibilizer by surfactant. The addition of the elastomer considerably improved the toughness of the PA12-based nanocomposites, maintaining its stiffness; i.e., the nanocomposites with 25% rubber content showed an increase of 25-fold of notched impact strength of the PA12 matrix, meanwhile ductility and stiffness remained constant. This allowed us to obtain toughened PA12 PNs throughout a large range of strain rate and a modulus similar to that of the unmodified PA12. The position of the brittle/tough transition in terms of rubber content, determined by the standard notched Izod test (25% mSEBS) is basically the same as that determined by the essential work of fracture procedure. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 53:1187-1195, 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Audience	Academic
Author	Zabaleta, Asier González, Imanol Eguiazábal, José Ignacio
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Imanol surname: González fullname: González, Imanol organization: Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros and Instituto de Materiales Poliméricos "POLYMAT," Facultad de Ciencias Químicas UPV/EHU, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: Asier surname: Zabaleta fullname: Zabaleta, Asier organization: Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros and Instituto de Materiales Poliméricos "POLYMAT," Facultad de Ciencias Químicas UPV/EHU, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain – sequence: 3 givenname: José Ignacio surname: Eguiazábal fullname: Eguiazábal, José Ignacio email: josei.eguiazabal@ehu.es organization: Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros and Instituto de Materiales Poliméricos "POLYMAT," Facultad de Ciencias Químicas UPV/EHU, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
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Keywords	Strengthening Organic clay SEBS Dispersion degree Mechanical properties Thermoplastic rubber Dispersion reinforced material Organic anhydride Experimental study Compatibilizer Functional polymer Composite material Triblock copolymer Impact strength Morphology Aliphatic polymer Concentration effect Amide 12 polymer Extrusion Nanocomposite Technological properties
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Snippet	Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12‐clay nanocomposite by melt... Tough nanocomposites based on polyamide 12 (PA12) can be obtained by the addition of a maleated rubber to a highly dispersed PA12-clay nanocomposite by melt...
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SubjectTerms	Applied sciences Clay Compatibility Composites Composition Diffraction Dispersions Ductility Exact sciences and technology Forms of application and semi-finished materials Identification and classification Mechanical properties Nanocomposites Nanostructure Nanostructured materials Phase transformations (Statistical physics) Polyamide resins Polymer industry, paints, wood Polymeric composites Polymers Rubber Stiffness Strength of materials Styrene Surfactants Technology of polymers Transmission electron microscopy
Title	Toughening and brittle-tough transition in polyamide 12-organoclay/maleated styrene-ethylene-co-butylene-styrene nanocomposites
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