Why are some people who have received overdose education and naloxone reticent to call Emergency Medical Services in the event of overdose?
Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a...
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| Published in: | The International journal of drug policy Vol. 48; pp. 115 - 124 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.10.2017
Elsevier Science Ltd |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0955-3959, 1873-4758, 1873-4758 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a controlled substance and/or drug paraphernalia to the overdose victim and the witnesses who in good faith provide emergency assistance. This paper examines the law’s influence by describing OEND trained PWIDs’ experience reversing overdoses and their decision about calling for EMS support.
Findings from two complementary studies, a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with OEND trained PWID who had reversed one or more overdoses, and an on-going fieldwork-based project examining PWIDs’ self-identified health concerns were triangulated to describe and explain participants’ decision to call for EMS.
In most overdose reversals described, no EMS call was made. Participants reported several reasons for not doing so. Most frequent was the fear that despite the Good Samaritan law, a police response would result in arrest of the victim and/or witness for outstanding warrants, or sentence violations. Fears were based on individual and collective experience, and reinforced by the city of Denver’s aggressive approach to managing homelessness through increased enforcement of misdemeanors and the imposition of more recent ordinances, including a camping ban, to control space. The city’s homeless crisis was reflected as well in the concern expressed by housed PWID that an EMS intervention would jeopardize their public housing.
Results suggest that the immunity provided by the Good Samaritan law does not address PWIDs’ fear that their current legal status as well as the victim’s will result in arrest and incarceration. As currently conceived, the Good Samaritan law does not provide immunity for PWIDs’ already enmeshed in the criminal justice system, or PWID fearful of losing their housing. |
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| AbstractList | Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a controlled substance and/or drug paraphernalia to the overdose victim and the witnesses who in good faith provide emergency assistance. This paper examines the law’s influence by describing OEND trained PWIDs’ experience reversing overdoses and their decision about calling for EMS support.
Findings from two complementary studies, a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with OEND trained PWID who had reversed one or more overdoses, and an on-going fieldwork-based project examining PWIDs’ self-identified health concerns were triangulated to describe and explain participants’ decision to call for EMS.
In most overdose reversals described, no EMS call was made. Participants reported several reasons for not doing so. Most frequent was the fear that despite the Good Samaritan law, a police response would result in arrest of the victim and/or witness for outstanding warrants, or sentence violations. Fears were based on individual and collective experience, and reinforced by the city of Denver’s aggressive approach to managing homelessness through increased enforcement of misdemeanors and the imposition of more recent ordinances, including a camping ban, to control space. The city’s homeless crisis was reflected as well in the concern expressed by housed PWID that an EMS intervention would jeopardize their public housing.
Results suggest that the immunity provided by the Good Samaritan law does not address PWIDs’ fear that their current legal status as well as the victim’s will result in arrest and incarceration. As currently conceived, the Good Samaritan law does not provide immunity for PWIDs’ already enmeshed in the criminal justice system, or PWID fearful of losing their housing. Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a controlled substance and/or drug paraphernalia to the overdose victim and the witnesses who in good faith provide emergency assistance. This paper examines the law's influence by describing OEND trained PWIDs' experience reversing overdoses and their decision about calling for EMS support.BACKGROUNDOverdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a controlled substance and/or drug paraphernalia to the overdose victim and the witnesses who in good faith provide emergency assistance. This paper examines the law's influence by describing OEND trained PWIDs' experience reversing overdoses and their decision about calling for EMS support.Findings from two complementary studies, a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with OEND trained PWID who had reversed one or more overdoses, and an on-going fieldwork-based project examining PWIDs' self-identified health concerns were triangulated to describe and explain participants' decision to call for EMS.METHODSFindings from two complementary studies, a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with OEND trained PWID who had reversed one or more overdoses, and an on-going fieldwork-based project examining PWIDs' self-identified health concerns were triangulated to describe and explain participants' decision to call for EMS.In most overdose reversals described, no EMS call was made. Participants reported several reasons for not doing so. Most frequent was the fear that despite the Good Samaritan law, a police response would result in arrest of the victim and/or witness for outstanding warrants, or sentence violations. Fears were based on individual and collective experience, and reinforced by the city of Denver's aggressive approach to managing homelessness through increased enforcement of misdemeanors and the imposition of more recent ordinances, including a camping ban, to control space. The city's homeless crisis was reflected as well in the concern expressed by housed PWID that an EMS intervention would jeopardize their public housing.RESULTSIn most overdose reversals described, no EMS call was made. Participants reported several reasons for not doing so. Most frequent was the fear that despite the Good Samaritan law, a police response would result in arrest of the victim and/or witness for outstanding warrants, or sentence violations. Fears were based on individual and collective experience, and reinforced by the city of Denver's aggressive approach to managing homelessness through increased enforcement of misdemeanors and the imposition of more recent ordinances, including a camping ban, to control space. The city's homeless crisis was reflected as well in the concern expressed by housed PWID that an EMS intervention would jeopardize their public housing.Results suggest that the immunity provided by the Good Samaritan law does not address PWIDs' fear that their current legal status as well as the victim's will result in arrest and incarceration. As currently conceived, the Good Samaritan law does not provide immunity for PWIDs' already enmeshed in the criminal justice system, or PWID fearful of losing their housing.CONCLUSIONResults suggest that the immunity provided by the Good Samaritan law does not address PWIDs' fear that their current legal status as well as the victim's will result in arrest and incarceration. As currently conceived, the Good Samaritan law does not provide immunity for PWIDs' already enmeshed in the criminal justice system, or PWID fearful of losing their housing. Background: Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training for persons who inject drugs (PWID) underlines the importance of summoning emergency medical services (EMS). To encourage PWID to do so, Colorado enacted a Good Samaritan law providing limited immunity from prosecution for possession of a controlled substance and/or drug paraphernalia to the overdose victim and the witnesses who in good faith provide emergency assistance. This paper examines the law's influence by describing OEND trained PWIDs' experience reversing overdoses and their decision about calling for EMS support. Methods: Findings from two complementary studies, a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with OEND trained PWID who had reversed one or more overdoses, and an on-going fieldwork-based project examining PWIDs' self-identified health concerns were triangulated to describe and explain participants' decision to call for EMS. Results: In most overdose reversals described, no EMS call was made. Participants reported several reasons for not doing so. Most frequent was the fear that despite the Good Samaritan law, a police response would result in arrest of the victim and/or witness for outstanding warrants, or sentence violations. Fears were based on individual and collective experience, and reinforced by the city of Denver's aggressive approach to managing homelessness through increased enforcement of misdemeanors and the imposition of more recent ordinances, including a camping ban, to control space. The city's homeless crisis was reflected as well in the concern expressed by housed PWID that an EMS intervention would jeopardize their public housing. Conclusion: Results suggest that the immunity provided by the Good Samaritan law does not address PWIDs' fear that their current legal status as well as the victim's will result in arrest and incarceration. As currently conceived, the Good Samaritan law does not provide immunity for PWIDs' already enmeshed in the criminal justice system, or PWID fearful of losing their housing. |
| Author | Raville, Lisa Langegger, Sig Mueller, Shane R. Binswanger, Ingrid A. Koester, Stephen |
| AuthorAffiliation | c Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 E. 17th Ave. B-180 Aurora, CO 80045, USA 1 b Department of Health & Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA e Harm Reduction Action Center, 231 E Colfax Ave, Denver, CO 80203, USA d Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA 2 a Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA f Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Akita International University, Japan |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: a Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA – name: d Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO, USA 2 – name: e Harm Reduction Action Center, 231 E Colfax Ave, Denver, CO 80203, USA – name: f Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Akita International University, Japan – name: c Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 E. 17th Ave. B-180 Aurora, CO 80045, USA 1 – name: b Department of Health & Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephen orcidid: 0000-0002-9391-3110 surname: Koester fullname: Koester, Stephen email: steve.koester@ucdenver.edu organization: Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Shane R. surname: Mueller fullname: Mueller, Shane R. email: shane.mueller@ucdenver.edu organization: Department of Health & Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Lisa surname: Raville fullname: Raville, Lisa email: lisa.harm.reduction@gmail.com organization: Harm Reduction Action Center, 231 E Colfax Ave, Denver, CO 80203, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Sig surname: Langegger fullname: Langegger, Sig email: sig.langegger@aiu.ac.jp organization: Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Akita International University, Japan – sequence: 5 givenname: Ingrid A. surname: Binswanger fullname: Binswanger, Ingrid A. email: Ingrid.binswanger@ucdenver.edu organization: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 E. 17th Ave. B-180 Aurora, CO 80045, USA1 |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28734745$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2017 Elsevier B.V. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Oct 2017 |
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| Keywords | Policing Opioid overdose Homelessness Good Samaritan law Calling emergency medical services |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Arrests Bans Calling emergency medical services Camping Colorado Crime Criminal justice Criminal justice system Drug overdose Drug Overdose - drug therapy Drug policy Drug use Drugs Education Emergency medical care Emergency Medical Services - legislation & jurisprudence Emergency services Enforcement Fear Fear & phobias Female Fieldwork Good Samaritan law Health Education - methods Health problems Health services Homeless people Homelessness Housing authorities Humans Immunity from prosecution Imposition Imprisonment Intervention Interviews as Topic Law Law Enforcement Legal status Male Medical schools Medicine Middle Aged Naloxone Naloxone - administration & dosage Narcotic Antagonists - administration & dosage Opioid overdose Opioid-Related Disorders - complications Overdoses Police Policing Prosecutions Public housing Qualitative research Training Victims Violations Witnesses |
| Title | Why are some people who have received overdose education and naloxone reticent to call Emergency Medical Services in the event of overdose? |
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