Social inequalities in child mental health trajectories: a longitudinal study using birth cohort data 12 countries
Background Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequ...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BMC public health Jg. 24; H. 1; S. 2930 - 11 |
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| Sprache: | Englisch |
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BioMed Central
22.10.2024
BioMed Central Ltd Springer Nature B.V BMC |
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| ISSN: | 1471-2458, 1471-2458 |
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| Abstract | Background
Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age.
Methods
We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from
N
= 584 (Greece) to
N
= 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of
N
= 149,604. Child socio‐economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self‐reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex‐stratified multi‐level models.
Results
For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement.
Conclusions
Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age. We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio-economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self-reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex-stratified multi-level models. For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement. Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. Background Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age. Methods We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio‐economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self‐reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex‐stratified multi‐level models. Results For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement. Conclusions Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age. We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio-economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self-reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex-stratified multi-level models. For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement. Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age.BACKGROUNDSocial inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age.We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio-economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self-reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex-stratified multi-level models.METHODSWe used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio-economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self-reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex-stratified multi-level models.For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement.RESULTSFor almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement.Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood.CONCLUSIONSSocial inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. Background Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age. Methods We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio-economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self-reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex-stratified multi-level models. Results For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement. Conclusions Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. Keywords: Internalising problems, Externalising problems, Socio-economic circumstances, Socio-economic position, Trajectories, Social inequalities, Child mental health BackgroundSocial inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio‐economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self‐reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex‐stratified multi‐level models.ResultsFor almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement.ConclusionsSocial inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. Abstract Background Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point, very few have used repeated measures outcome data to describe how these inequalities emerge. Our aims were to describe social inequalities in child internalising and externalising problems across multiple countries and to explore how these inequalities change as children age. Methods We used longitudinal data from eight birth cohorts containing participants from twelve countries (Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom). The number of included children in each cohort ranged from N = 584 (Greece) to N = 73,042 (Norway), with a total sample of N = 149,604. Child socio‐economic circumstances (SEC) were measured using self‐reported maternal education at birth. Child mental health outcomes were internalising and externalising problems measured using either the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of data collection waves in each cohort ranged from two to seven, with the mean child age ranging from two to eighteen years old. We modelled the slope index of inequality (SII) using sex‐stratified multi‐level models. Results For almost all cohorts, at the earliest age of measurement children born into more deprived SECs had higher internalising and externalising scores than children born to less deprived SECs. For example, in Norway at age 2 years, boys born to mothers of lower education had an estimated 0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4) standard deviation higher levels of internalising problems (SII) compared to children born to mothers with high education. The exceptions were for boys in Australia (age 2) and both sexes in Greece (age 6), where we observed minimal social inequalities. In UK, Denmark and Netherlands inequalities decreased as children aged, however for other countries (France, Norway, Australia and Crete) inequalities were heterogeneous depending on child sex and outcome. For all countries except France inequalities remained at the oldest point of measurement. Conclusions Social inequalities in internalising and externalising problems were evident across a range of EU countries, with inequalities emerging early and generally persisting throughout childhood. |
| ArticleNumber | 2930 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Guerlich, Kathrin Nader, Johanna Thorbjornsrud Swertz, Morris Carson, Jennie Harris, Jennifer R. Guxens, Mònica Wootton, Robyn E. Pizzi, Costanza Tafflet, Muriel Elhakeem, Ahmed Taylor-Robinson, David Grote, Veit Avraam, Demetris Margetaki, Katerina Jansen, Pauline W. Pedersen, Marie Melchior, Maria Cadman, Tim Lin, Ashleigh Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine Houweling, Tanja A. J. Roumeliotaki, Theano Jaddoe, Vincent Hyde, Eleanor Howe, Laura D. Huang, Rae-Chi Koletzko, Berthold Julvez, Jordi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Tim orcidid: 0000-0002-7682-5645 surname: Cadman fullname: Cadman, Tim email: t.j.cadman@umcg.nl organization: Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen – sequence: 2 givenname: Demetris orcidid: 0000-0001-8908-2441 surname: Avraam fullname: Avraam, Demetris organization: Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool – sequence: 3 givenname: Jennie orcidid: 0000-0001-5294-7536 surname: Carson fullname: Carson, Jennie organization: Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Centre, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Ahmed surname: Elhakeem fullname: Elhakeem, Ahmed organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol – sequence: 5 givenname: Veit orcidid: 0000-0001-7168-2385 surname: Grote fullname: Grote, Veit organization: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich – sequence: 6 givenname: Kathrin orcidid: 0000-0001-5471-3215 surname: Guerlich fullname: Guerlich, Kathrin organization: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich – sequence: 7 givenname: Mònica orcidid: 0000-0002-8624-0333 surname: Guxens fullname: Guxens, Mònica organization: ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spanish Consortium for Research On Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre – sequence: 8 givenname: Laura D. orcidid: 0000-0003-3357-2796 surname: Howe fullname: Howe, Laura D. organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol – sequence: 9 givenname: Rae-Chi surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Rae-Chi organization: Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University – sequence: 10 givenname: Jennifer R. surname: Harris fullname: Harris, Jennifer R. organization: Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health – sequence: 11 givenname: Tanja A. J. surname: Houweling fullname: Houweling, Tanja A. J. organization: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center – sequence: 12 givenname: Eleanor orcidid: 0000-0003-2744-0017 surname: Hyde fullname: Hyde, Eleanor organization: UMCG Genetics Department, University Medical Centre Groningen, Genetics Department (GCC ‐ Genomic Coordination Centre) – sequence: 13 givenname: Vincent surname: Jaddoe fullname: Jaddoe, Vincent organization: Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center – sequence: 14 givenname: Pauline W. surname: Jansen fullname: Jansen, Pauline W. organization: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam – sequence: 15 givenname: Jordi surname: Julvez fullname: Julvez, Jordi organization: ISGlobal, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Clinical and Epidemiological Neuroscience Group (NeuroÈpia) – sequence: 16 givenname: Berthold surname: Koletzko fullname: Koletzko, Berthold organization: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich – sequence: 17 givenname: Ashleigh surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Ashleigh organization: School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia – sequence: 18 givenname: Katerina surname: Margetaki fullname: Margetaki, Katerina organization: Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, Clinic of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, University of Crete – sequence: 19 givenname: Maria surname: Melchior fullname: Melchior, Maria organization: Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Sociale (ERES), Faculté de Médecine St Antoine – sequence: 20 givenname: Johanna Thorbjornsrud surname: Nader fullname: Nader, Johanna Thorbjornsrud organization: Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Division of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health – sequence: 21 givenname: Marie orcidid: 0000-0002-9930-0446 surname: Pedersen fullname: Pedersen, Marie organization: Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen – sequence: 22 givenname: Costanza surname: Pizzi fullname: Pizzi, Costanza organization: Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin and CPO Piemonte – sequence: 23 givenname: Theano orcidid: 0000-0002-5044-983X surname: Roumeliotaki fullname: Roumeliotaki, Theano organization: Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, Clinic of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, University of Crete – sequence: 24 givenname: Morris orcidid: 0000-0002-0979-3401 surname: Swertz fullname: Swertz, Morris organization: UMCG Genetics Department, University Medical Centre Groningen, Genetics Department (GCC ‐ Genomic Coordination Centre) – sequence: 25 givenname: Muriel surname: Tafflet fullname: Tafflet, Muriel organization: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, Université Paris Cité – sequence: 26 givenname: David surname: Taylor-Robinson fullname: Taylor-Robinson, David organization: Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool – sequence: 27 givenname: Robyn E. surname: Wootton fullname: Wootton, Robyn E. organization: School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, UK, and Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Hospital – sequence: 28 givenname: Katrine surname: Strandberg-Larsen fullname: Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine organization: Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39438908$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2025_118159 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12887_024_05365_y crossref_primary_10_1186_s13034_024_00849_2 |
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| DOI | 10.1186/s12889-024-20291-5 |
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| Keywords | Externalising problems Internalising problems Social inequalities Trajectories Child mental health Socio‐economic position Socio‐economic circumstances |
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Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single... Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single time point,... Background Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single... BackgroundSocial inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a single... Abstract Background Social inequalities in child mental health are an important public health concern. Whilst previous studies have examined inequalities at a... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Age Aggressiveness Behavior Biostatistics Birth Cohort Child Child & adolescent mental health Child mental health Child psychopathology Child, Preschool Children Cohort analysis Data collection Data entry Education Environmental Health Epidemiology Ethnicity Europe - epidemiology Externalising problems Female Forecasts and trends Health aspects Health disparities Health Status Disparities Humans Hyperactivity Internalising problems International aspects Likert scale Longitudinal Studies Male Maternal behavior Medicine Medicine & Public Health Mental disorders Mental health Mental Health - statistics & numerical data Parent educational background Pediatric research Pregnancy Psychological aspects Public Health Questionnaires Risk factors Sex Social aspects Social classes Social inequalities Social interactions Socioeconomic Factors Socio‐economic circumstances Socio‐economic position Trajectories Vaccine |
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| Title | Social inequalities in child mental health trajectories: a longitudinal study using birth cohort data 12 countries |
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