Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised study
EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy—irrespective of timing—significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve surv...
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| Published in: | The lancet oncology Vol. 15; no. 2; pp. 184 - 190 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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England
Elsevier Ltd
01.02.2014
Elsevier Limited Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 1470-2045, 1474-5488, 1474-5488 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy—irrespective of timing—significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results.
We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523.
1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8–13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6–54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9–55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83–1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0–56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6–53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77–1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5–48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7–50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79–1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2–51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1–48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77–1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1–27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8–15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1–18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7–15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22).
Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required.
EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comité du Doubs. |
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| AbstractList | EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy--irrespective of timing--significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results. Methods We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m2per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m2per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered withClinicalTrials.gov, numberNCT00002523. Findings 1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8-13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6-54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9-55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83-1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0-56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6-53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5-48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7-50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79-1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2-51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1-48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1-27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8-15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1-18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7-15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22). Interpretation Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required. Funding EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comité du Doubs. EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy-irrespective of timing-significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results. We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523. 1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8-13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6-54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9-55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83-1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0-56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6-53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5-48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7-50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79-1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2-51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1-48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1-27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8-15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1-18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7-15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22). Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required. EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comité du Doubs. Background: EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy-irrespective of timing-significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results. Methods: We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1.8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m super(2) per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m super(2) per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523. Findings: 1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10.4 years (IQR 7.8-13.1), 10-year overall survival was 49.4% (95% CI 44.6-54.1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50.7% (45.9-55.2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.83-1.18; p=0.91). 10-year overall survival was 51.8% (95% CI 47.0-56.4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48.4% (43.6-53.0) for the surveillance group (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.77-1.09, p=0.32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44.2% (95% CI 39.5-48.8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46.4% (41.7-50.9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.79-1.10; p=0.38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47.0% (95% CI 42.2-51.6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43.7% (39.1-48.2) for the surveillance group (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.77-1.08, p=0.29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22.4% (95% CI 17.1-27.6) with radiotherapy alone, 11.8% (7.8-15.8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14.5% (10.1-18.9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11.7% (7.7-15.6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0.52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0.22). Interpretation: Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required. Funding EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comite du Doubs. EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy—irrespective of timing—significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results. We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523. 1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8–13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6–54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9–55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83–1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0–56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6–53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77–1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5–48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7–50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79–1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2–51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1–48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77–1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1–27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8–15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1–18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7–15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22). Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required. EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comité du Doubs. Background EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy-irrespective of timing-significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results. Methods We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1 times 8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523. Findings 1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10 times 4 years (IQR 7 times 8-13 times 1), 10-year overall survival was 49 times 4% (95% CI 44 times 6-54 times 1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50 times 7% (45 times 9-55 times 2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0 times 99, 95% CI 0 times 83-1 times 18; p=0 times 91). 10-year overall survival was 51 times 8% (95% CI 47 times 0-56 times 4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48 times 4% (43 times 6-53 times 0) for the surveillance group (HR 0 times 91, 95% CI 0 times 77-1 times 09, p=0 times 32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44 times 2% (95% CI 39 times 5-48 times 8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46 times 4% (41 times 7-50 times 9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0 times 93, 95% CI 0 times 79-1 times 10; p=0 times 38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47 times 0% (95% CI 42 times 2-51 times 6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43 times 7% (39 times 1-48 times 2) for the surveillance group (HR 0 times 91, 95% CI 0 times 77-1 times 08, p=0 times 29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22 times 4% (95% CI 17 times 1-27 times 6) with radiotherapy alone, 11 times 8% (7 times 8-15 times 8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14 times 5% (10 times 1-18 times 9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11 times 7% (7 times 7-15 times 6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0 times 0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0 times 52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0 times 22). Interpretation Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required. Funding EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comite du Doubs. BACKGROUND:EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy-irrespective of timing-significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results.METHODS:We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523.FINDINGS:1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8-13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6-54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9-55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83-1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0-56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6-53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5-48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7-50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79-1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2-51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1-48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1-27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8-15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1-18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7-15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22).INTERPRETATION:Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required. Summary Background EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy—irrespective of timing—significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results. Methods We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m2 per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT00002523. Findings 1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8–13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6–54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9–55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83–1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0–56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6–53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77–1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5–48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7–50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79–1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2–51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1–48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77–1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1–27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8–15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1–18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7–15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22). Interpretation Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required. Funding EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comité du Doubs. EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy-irrespective of timing-significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results.BACKGROUNDEORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a median follow-up of 5 years, chemotherapy-irrespective of timing-significantly improved local control. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival, but the Kaplan-Meier curves diverged, suggesting possible delayed benefit. Here, we report the updated long-term results.We randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523.METHODSWe randomly assigned patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer to receive preoperative radiotherapy with or without concomitant chemotherapy before surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or surveillance. Randomisation was done using minimisation with factors of institution, sex, T stage, and distance from the tumour to the anal verge. Study coordinators, clinicians, and patients were aware of assignment. Radiotherapy consisted of 45 Gy to the posterior pelvis in 25 fractions of 1·8 Gy over 5 weeks. Each course of chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (350 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus) and folinic acid (leucovorin; 20 mg/m(2) per day intravenous bolus). For preoperative chemotherapy, two courses were given (during weeks 1 and 5 of radiotherapy). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in four cycles, every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. This analysis was done by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00002523.1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8-13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6-54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9-55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83-1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0-56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6-53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5-48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7-50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79-1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2-51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1-48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1-27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8-15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1-18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7-15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22).FINDINGS1011 patients were randomly assigned to treatment between April, 1993, and March, 2003 (252 to preoperative radiotherapy and 253 to each of the other three groups). After a median follow-up of 10·4 years (IQR 7·8-13·1), 10-year overall survival was 49·4% (95% CI 44·6-54·1) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 50·7% (45·9-55·2) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·99, 95% CI 0·83-1·18; p=0·91). 10-year overall survival was 51·8% (95% CI 47·0-56·4) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 48·4% (43·6-53·0) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·09, p=0·32). 10-year disease-free survival was 44·2% (95% CI 39·5-48·8) for the preoperative radiotherapy group and 46·4% (41·7-50·9) for the preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy group (HR 0·93, 95% CI 0·79-1·10; p=0·38). 10-year disease-free survival was 47·0% (95% CI 42·2-51·6) for the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 43·7% (39·1-48·2) for the surveillance group (HR 0·91, 95% CI 0·77-1·08, p=0·29). At 10 years, cumulative incidence of local relapse was 22·4% (95% CI 17·1-27·6) with radiotherapy alone, 11·8% (7·8-15·8) with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 14·5% (10·1-18·9) with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy and 11·7% (7·7-15·6) with both adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p=0·0017). There was no difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases (p=0·52). The frequency of long-term side-effects did not differ between the four groups (p=0·22).Adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required.INTERPRETATIONAdjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) does not affect disease-free survival or overall survival. Our trial does not support the current practice of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. New treatment strategies incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy are required.EORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comité du Doubs.FUNDINGEORTC, US National Cancer Institute, Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, Ligue contre le Cancer Comité du Doubs. |
| Author | Marchal, Dominique Calais, Gilles Bosset, Jean-François Van Laethem, Jean-Luc Cellier, Patrice Stojanovic-Rundic, Suzana Beny, Alexander Ollier, Jean-Claude Collette, Laurence Maingon, Philippe Mineur, Laurent Bensadoun, René-Jean Bolla, Michel Klein, Vincent Clavère, Pierre Glanzmann, Christoph Bardet, Etienne Giralt, Jordi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jean-François surname: Bosset fullname: Bosset, Jean-François email: jean-francois.bosset@univ-fcomte.fr organization: Department of Radiation Oncology, Besançon University Hospital J Minjoz, Besançon, France – sequence: 2 givenname: Gilles surname: Calais fullname: Calais, Gilles organization: Department of Radiation Therapy, University François Rabelais, Tours, France – sequence: 3 givenname: Laurent surname: Mineur fullname: Mineur, Laurent organization: Department of Radiation Therapy, Clinique Sainte-Catherine, Avignon, France – sequence: 4 givenname: Philippe surname: Maingon fullname: Maingon, Philippe organization: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France – sequence: 5 givenname: Suzana surname: Stojanovic-Rundic fullname: Stojanovic-Rundic, Suzana organization: Institute for Oncology and Radiology, Belgrade, Serbia – sequence: 6 givenname: René-Jean surname: Bensadoun fullname: Bensadoun, René-Jean organization: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Poitiers, Poitiers, France – sequence: 7 givenname: Etienne surname: Bardet fullname: Bardet, Etienne organization: Department of Radiation Therapy, Cancer Centre Nantes, Nantes, France – sequence: 8 givenname: Alexander surname: Beny fullname: Beny, Alexander organization: Department of Radiation Therapy, Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel – sequence: 9 givenname: Jean-Claude surname: Ollier fullname: Ollier, Jean-Claude organization: Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France – sequence: 10 givenname: Michel surname: Bolla fullname: Bolla, Michel organization: Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire A Michallon, Grenoble, France – sequence: 11 givenname: Dominique surname: Marchal fullname: Marchal, Dominique organization: Department of Radiation Therapy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium – sequence: 12 givenname: Jean-Luc surname: Van Laethem fullname: Van Laethem, Jean-Luc organization: Department of Gastroenterology, Hopitaux Universitaires Bordet-Erasme, Brussels, Belgium – sequence: 13 givenname: Vincent surname: Klein fullname: Klein, Vincent organization: Department of Radiation Therapy, Centre Saint Yves, Vannes, France – sequence: 14 givenname: Jordi surname: Giralt fullname: Giralt, Jordi organization: Department of Radiation Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain – sequence: 15 givenname: Pierre surname: Clavère fullname: Clavère, Pierre organization: Department of Radiotherapy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges, France – sequence: 16 givenname: Christoph surname: Glanzmann fullname: Glanzmann, Christoph organization: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universität Spital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland – sequence: 17 givenname: Patrice surname: Cellier fullname: Cellier, Patrice organization: Department of Radiation Therapy, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest—Centre Paul Papin, Angers, France – sequence: 18 givenname: Laurence surname: Collette fullname: Collette, Laurence organization: Department of Statistics, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440473$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://unilim.hal.science/hal-01822477$$DView record in HAL |
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| CODEN | LANCAO |
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| Snippet | EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. After a... Summary Background EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal... Background EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer.... Background: EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer.... BACKGROUND:EORTC trial 22921 examined the addition of preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy to preoperative radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adenocarcinoma - mortality Adenocarcinoma - pathology Adenocarcinoma - therapy Adult Aged Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - adverse effects Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - therapeutic use Cancer Cancer therapies Cellular Biology Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant - adverse effects Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant - mortality Chemotherapy Chemotherapy, Adjuvant Colorectal cancer Digestive System Surgical Procedures - adverse effects Digestive System Surgical Procedures - mortality Disease Progression Disease-Free Survival Europe Female Fluorouracil - administration & dosage Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine Humans Intention to Treat Analysis Israel Kaplan-Meier Estimate Leucovorin - administration & dosage Life Sciences Male Medical treatment Middle Aged Neoadjuvant Therapy - adverse effects Neoadjuvant Therapy - mortality Neoplasm Staging Proportional Hazards Models Radiation therapy Rectal Neoplasms - mortality Rectal Neoplasms - pathology Rectal Neoplasms - therapy Risk Factors Studies Surgery Survival Rate Time Factors Treatment Outcome Ultrasonic imaging Young Adult |
| Title | Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised study |
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