Examination of selected national policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification

The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of the contrasting policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification in six countries from different regions of the world. Three questions are addressed: 1) What is the policy of the country? 2) Why was the policy adopted? 3) What lessons have...

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Vydané v:	Nutrition reviews Ročník 67; číslo 5; s. S73 - S78
Hlavní autori:	Lawrence, Mark A, Chai, Weizhong, Kara, Raija, Rosenberg, Irwin H, Scott, John, Tedstone, Alison
Médium:	Journal Article Konferenčný príspevok..
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Malden, USA Blackwell Publishing Inc 01.05.2009 Wiley Oxford University Press
Predmet:	Biological and medical sciences Consumer Product Safety dietary recommendations disease prevention Feeding. Feeding behavior Folic acid Folic Acid - administration & dosage Folic Acid - adverse effects Folic Acid Deficiency - prevention & control food fortification Food, Fortified fortified foods Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Health care policy human nutrition Humans International comparisons international organizations literature reviews mandatory fortification Mandatory Programs neural tube defects Neural Tube Defects - prevention & control nutrient intake nutrient requirements Nutrition Nutrition Policy policy public health Risk Assessment risk reduction Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Vitamin B Irish Republic United Kingdom Australia United States China Finland Policy Vertebrata mandatory fortification Mammalia Folic acid
ISSN:	0029-6643, 1753-4887, 1753-4887
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Abstract	The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of the contrasting policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification in six countries from different regions of the world. Three questions are addressed: 1) What is the policy of the country? 2) Why was the policy adopted? 3) What lessons have been learned? Policy contrasts among countries were assessed as reflecting different interpretations of the potential risks and benefits associated with folic acid fortification. Although commonalities were identified, it was considered unlikely that there could be a standard policy response for all countries. Instead, a country-by-country policy response based on national circumstances is indicated.
AbstractList	The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of the contrasting policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification in six countries from different regions of the world. Three questions are addressed: 1) What is the policy of the country? 2) Why was the policy adopted? 3) What lessons have been learned? Policy contrasts among countries were assessed as reflecting different interpretations of the potential risks and benefits associated with folic acid fortification. Although commonalities were identified, it was considered unlikely that there could be a standard policy response for all countries. Instead, a country-by-country policy response based on national circumstances is indicated. The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of the contrasting policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification in six countries from different regions of the world. Three questions are addressed: 1) What is the policy of the country? 2) Why was the policy adopted? 3) What lessons have been learned? Policy contrasts among countries were assessed as reflecting different interpretations of the potential risks and benefits associated with folic acid fortification. Although commonalities were identified, it was considered unlikely that there could be a standard policy response for all countries. Instead, a country-by-country policy response based on national circumstances is indicated.The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of the contrasting policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification in six countries from different regions of the world. Three questions are addressed: 1) What is the policy of the country? 2) Why was the policy adopted? 3) What lessons have been learned? Policy contrasts among countries were assessed as reflecting different interpretations of the potential risks and benefits associated with folic acid fortification. Although commonalities were identified, it was considered unlikely that there could be a standard policy response for all countries. Instead, a country-by-country policy response based on national circumstances is indicated. The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of the contrasting policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification in six countries from different regions of the world. Three questions are addressed: 1) What is the policy of the country? 2) Why was the policy adopted? 3) What lessons have been learned? Policy contrasts among countries were assessed as reflecting different interpretations of the potential risks and benefits associated with folic acid fortification. Although commonalities were identified, it was considered unlikely that there could be a standard policy response for all countries. Instead, a country-by-country policy response based on national circumstances is indicated. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author	Chai, Weizhong Scott, John Lawrence, Mark A Kara, Raija Tedstone, Alison Rosenberg, Irwin H
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Cites_doi	10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601507 10.1056/NEJM199911113412001 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.3 10.1093/jn/136.1.189 10.1093/ajcn/82.2.279 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.193
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References	Rosenberg IH. Science-based micronutrient fortification: which nutrients, how much, and how to know? Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:279-280. Department of Health. Folic Acid and the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects. Report from an Expert Advisory Group. London: The Stationery Office; 1992. Hasunen K, Kalavainen M, Keinonen H, et al. The Child, Family and Food. Nutrition Recommendations for Infants and Young Children as Well as Pregnant and Breastfeeding Mothers. Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; 2004. Department of Health. Folic Acid and the Prevention of Disease. Report on Health and Social Subjects 50. London: The Stationery Office; 2000. Berry R, Li Z, Erickson JD, et al. Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1485-1490. Troen AM, Mitchell B, Sorensen B, et al. Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 2006; 136:189-194. Smith AD. Folic acid fortification: the good, the bad, and the puzzle of vitamin B-12. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:3-5. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients. DRI Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin. Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Final Assessment Report, Proposal P295, Consideration of Mandatory Fortification with Folic Acid. Canberra: FSANZ; 2006. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Folate and Disease Prevention. London: The Stationery Office; 2006 Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. MMWR. 1992;41(No. RR-14). Li S, Hong SX, Wang TM. A population based surveillance system on birth defects and its application. Chin J Epidemiol. 2001;22:172-175. Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. The 2002-2010 action plan for the prevention and control of birth defects. Chin J Reprod Health. 2002;13:98-101. Morris MS, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Folate and vitamin B-12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:193-200. Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Report of the National Committee on Folic Acid Food Fortification. Dublin: FSAI; 2006. Alfthan G, Laurinen MS, Valsta LM, Pastinen T, Aro A. Folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine status in a random Finnish population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:81-88. 2006; 136 2000 2002; 13 2003; 57 1999; 341 1996 2006 2004 1992 2005; 82 2007; 85 2001; 22 1992; 41 Alfthan (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB16) 2003; 57 Department of Health (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB9) 2000 Berry (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB14) 1999; 341 Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB4) 2002; 13 Department of Health (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB8) 1992 Food Safety Authority of Ireland (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB7) 2006 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB3 Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB17) 2000 Morris (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB19) 2007; 85 Rosenberg (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB20) 2005; 82 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB6 Troen (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB18) 2006 Hasunen (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB5) 2004 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB12 Centers for Disease Control (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB11) 1992; 41 Li (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB13) 2001; 22 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB15 Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB10) 2006 Smith (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB1) 2007; 85 Food Standards Australia New Zealand (10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB2) 2006
References_xml	– reference: Department of Health. Folic Acid and the Prevention of Disease. Report on Health and Social Subjects 50. London: The Stationery Office; 2000. – reference: Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Final Assessment Report, Proposal P295, Consideration of Mandatory Fortification with Folic Acid. Canberra: FSANZ; 2006. – reference: Hasunen K, Kalavainen M, Keinonen H, et al. The Child, Family and Food. Nutrition Recommendations for Infants and Young Children as Well as Pregnant and Breastfeeding Mothers. Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; 2004. – reference: Li S, Hong SX, Wang TM. A population based surveillance system on birth defects and its application. Chin J Epidemiol. 2001;22:172-175. – reference: Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Folate and Disease Prevention. London: The Stationery Office; 2006 – reference: Smith AD. Folic acid fortification: the good, the bad, and the puzzle of vitamin B-12. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:3-5. – reference: Morris MS, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Folate and vitamin B-12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:193-200. – reference: Berry R, Li Z, Erickson JD, et al. Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1485-1490. – reference: Department of Health. Folic Acid and the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects. Report from an Expert Advisory Group. London: The Stationery Office; 1992. – reference: Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients. DRI Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin. Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000. – reference: Alfthan G, Laurinen MS, Valsta LM, Pastinen T, Aro A. Folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine status in a random Finnish population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:81-88. – reference: Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Report of the National Committee on Folic Acid Food Fortification. Dublin: FSAI; 2006. – reference: Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. The 2002-2010 action plan for the prevention and control of birth defects. Chin J Reprod Health. 2002;13:98-101. – reference: Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects. MMWR. 1992;41(No. RR-14). – reference: Troen AM, Mitchell B, Sorensen B, et al. Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 2006; 136:189-194. – reference: Rosenberg IH. Science-based micronutrient fortification: which nutrients, how much, and how to know? Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:279-280. – volume: 41 year: 1992 article-title: Recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce the number of cases of spina bifida and other neural tube defects publication-title: MMWR – volume: 13 start-page: 98 year: 2002 end-page: 101 article-title: The 2002–2010 action plan for the prevention and control of birth defects publication-title: Chin J Reprod Health – volume: 57 start-page: 81 year: 2003 end-page: 88 article-title: Folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine status in a random Finnish population publication-title: Eur J Clin Nutr – volume: 136 start-page: 189 year: 2006 end-page: 194 article-title: Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women publication-title: J. Nutr – volume: 22 start-page: 172 year: 2001 end-page: 175 article-title: A population based surveillance system on birth defects and its application publication-title: Chin J Epidemiol – volume: 341 start-page: 1485 year: 1999 end-page: 1490 article-title: Prevention of neural‐tube defects with folic acid in China publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 85 start-page: 3 year: 2007 end-page: 5 article-title: Folic acid fortification: the good, the bad, and the puzzle of vitamin B‐12 publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr – volume: 85 start-page: 193 year: 2007 end-page: 200 article-title: Folate and vitamin B‐12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr – year: 2006 – year: 2004 – year: 2000 – volume: 82 start-page: 279 year: 2005 end-page: 280 article-title: Science‐based micronutrient fortification: which nutrients, how much, and how to know? publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr – year: 1992 – start-page: 8781 year: 1996 – volume-title: Report of the National Committee on Folic Acid Food Fortification year: 2006 ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB7 – ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB15 – ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB6 – volume-title: Folic Acid and the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects year: 1992 ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB8 – volume: 57 start-page: 81 year: 2003 ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB16 article-title: Folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine status in a random Finnish population publication-title: Eur J Clin Nutr doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601507 – ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB12 – volume: 341 start-page: 1485 year: 1999 ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB14 article-title: Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China publication-title: N Engl J Med doi: 10.1056/NEJM199911113412001 – volume: 85 start-page: 3 year: 2007 ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB1 article-title: Folic acid fortification: the good, the bad, and the puzzle of vitamin B-12 publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.3 – volume-title: Folate and Disease Prevention year: 2006 ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB10 – start-page: 189 year: 2006 ident: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00164.x-BIB18 article-title: Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women publication-title: J. 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Snippet	The purpose of this paper is to present an examination of the contrasting policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification in six countries from different...
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SubjectTerms	Biological and medical sciences Consumer Product Safety dietary recommendations disease prevention Feeding. Feeding behavior Folic acid Folic Acid - administration & dosage Folic Acid - adverse effects Folic Acid Deficiency - prevention & control food fortification Food, Fortified fortified foods Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Health care policy human nutrition Humans International comparisons international organizations literature reviews mandatory fortification Mandatory Programs neural tube defects Neural Tube Defects - prevention & control nutrient intake nutrient requirements Nutrition Nutrition Policy policy public health Risk Assessment risk reduction Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Vitamin B
Title	Examination of selected national policies towards mandatory folic acid fortification
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