Associations between historical residential redlining and current age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma across eight cities in California: an ecological study
Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practi...
Uloženo v:
| Vydáno v: | The Lancet. Planetary health Ročník 4; číslo 1; s. e24 - e31 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
Netherlands
Elsevier Ltd
01.01.2020
Elsevier |
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 2542-5196, 2542-5196 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
| Abstract | Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practice of categorising neighbourhoods on the basis of perceived mortgage investment risk, on the burden of asthma in these neighbourhoods.
We did an ecological study of HOLC risk grades and asthma exacerbations in California using the security maps available for the following eight cities: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Stockton. Each census tract was categorised into one of four risk levels (A, B, C, or D) on the basis of the location of population-weighted centroids on security maps, with the worst risk level (D) indicating historical redlining. We obtained census tract-level rates of emergency department visits due to asthma from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. We assessed the relationship between risk grade and log-transformed asthma visit rates between 2011 and 2013 using ordinary least squares regression. We included potential confounding variables from the 2010 Census and CalEnviroScreen 3.0: diesel exhaust particle emissions, PM2·5, and percent of the population living below 2 times the federal poverty level. We also built random intercept and slope models to assess city-level variation in the relationship between redlining and asthma.
In the 1431 census tracts assessed (64 [4·5%] grade A, 241 [16·8%] grade B, 719 [50·2%] grade C, and 407 [28·4%] grade D), the proportion of the population that was non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of the population living in poverty, and diesel exhaust particle emissions all significantly increased as security map risk grade worsened (p<0·0001). The median age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma were 2·4 times higher in census tracts that were previously redlined (median 63·5 [IQR 34·3] visits per 10 000 residents per year [2011–13]) than in tracts at the lowest risk level (26·5 [18·4]). In adjusted models, redlined census tracts were associated with a relative risk of 1·39 (95% CI 1·21–1·57) in rates of emergency department visits due to asthma compared with that of lowest-risk census tracts.
Historically redlined census tracts have significantly higher rates of emergency department visits due to asthma, suggesting that this discriminatory practice might be contributing to racial and ethnic asthma health disparities.
National Heart Lung Blood Institute. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practice of categorising neighbourhoods on the basis of perceived mortgage investment risk, on the burden of asthma in these neighbourhoods.
We did an ecological study of HOLC risk grades and asthma exacerbations in California using the security maps available for the following eight cities: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Stockton. Each census tract was categorised into one of four risk levels (A, B, C, or D) on the basis of the location of population-weighted centroids on security maps, with the worst risk level (D) indicating historical redlining. We obtained census tract-level rates of emergency department visits due to asthma from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. We assessed the relationship between risk grade and log-transformed asthma visit rates between 2011 and 2013 using ordinary least squares regression. We included potential confounding variables from the 2010 Census and CalEnviroScreen 3.0: diesel exhaust particle emissions, PM
, and percent of the population living below 2 times the federal poverty level. We also built random intercept and slope models to assess city-level variation in the relationship between redlining and asthma.
In the 1431 census tracts assessed (64 [4·5%] grade A, 241 [16·8%] grade B, 719 [50·2%] grade C, and 407 [28·4%] grade D), the proportion of the population that was non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of the population living in poverty, and diesel exhaust particle emissions all significantly increased as security map risk grade worsened (p<0·0001). The median age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma were 2·4 times higher in census tracts that were previously redlined (median 63·5 [IQR 34·3] visits per 10 000 residents per year [2011-13]) than in tracts at the lowest risk level (26·5 [18·4]). In adjusted models, redlined census tracts were associated with a relative risk of 1·39 (95% CI 1·21-1·57) in rates of emergency department visits due to asthma compared with that of lowest-risk census tracts.
Historically redlined census tracts have significantly higher rates of emergency department visits due to asthma, suggesting that this discriminatory practice might be contributing to racial and ethnic asthma health disparities.
National Heart Lung Blood Institute. Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practice of categorising neighbourhoods on the basis of perceived mortgage investment risk, on the burden of asthma in these neighbourhoods. We did an ecological study of HOLC risk grades and asthma exacerbations in California using the security maps available for the following eight cities: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Stockton. Each census tract was categorised into one of four risk levels (A, B, C, or D) on the basis of the location of population-weighted centroids on security maps, with the worst risk level (D) indicating historical redlining. We obtained census tract-level rates of emergency department visits due to asthma from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. We assessed the relationship between risk grade and log-transformed asthma visit rates between 2011 and 2013 using ordinary least squares regression. We included potential confounding variables from the 2010 Census and CalEnviroScreen 3.0: diesel exhaust particle emissions, PM2·5, and percent of the population living below 2 times the federal poverty level. We also built random intercept and slope models to assess city-level variation in the relationship between redlining and asthma. In the 1431 census tracts assessed (64 [4·5%] grade A, 241 [16·8%] grade B, 719 [50·2%] grade C, and 407 [28·4%] grade D), the proportion of the population that was non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of the population living in poverty, and diesel exhaust particle emissions all significantly increased as security map risk grade worsened (p<0·0001). The median age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma were 2·4 times higher in census tracts that were previously redlined (median 63·5 [IQR 34·3] visits per 10 000 residents per year [2011–13]) than in tracts at the lowest risk level (26·5 [18·4]). In adjusted models, redlined census tracts were associated with a relative risk of 1·39 (95% CI 1·21–1·57) in rates of emergency department visits due to asthma compared with that of lowest-risk census tracts. Historically redlined census tracts have significantly higher rates of emergency department visits due to asthma, suggesting that this discriminatory practice might be contributing to racial and ethnic asthma health disparities. National Heart Lung Blood Institute. Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practice of categorising neighbourhoods on the basis of perceived mortgage investment risk, on the burden of asthma in these neighbourhoods.BACKGROUNDAsthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practice of categorising neighbourhoods on the basis of perceived mortgage investment risk, on the burden of asthma in these neighbourhoods.We did an ecological study of HOLC risk grades and asthma exacerbations in California using the security maps available for the following eight cities: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Stockton. Each census tract was categorised into one of four risk levels (A, B, C, or D) on the basis of the location of population-weighted centroids on security maps, with the worst risk level (D) indicating historical redlining. We obtained census tract-level rates of emergency department visits due to asthma from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. We assessed the relationship between risk grade and log-transformed asthma visit rates between 2011 and 2013 using ordinary least squares regression. We included potential confounding variables from the 2010 Census and CalEnviroScreen 3.0: diesel exhaust particle emissions, PM2·5, and percent of the population living below 2 times the federal poverty level. We also built random intercept and slope models to assess city-level variation in the relationship between redlining and asthma.METHODSWe did an ecological study of HOLC risk grades and asthma exacerbations in California using the security maps available for the following eight cities: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Stockton. Each census tract was categorised into one of four risk levels (A, B, C, or D) on the basis of the location of population-weighted centroids on security maps, with the worst risk level (D) indicating historical redlining. We obtained census tract-level rates of emergency department visits due to asthma from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. We assessed the relationship between risk grade and log-transformed asthma visit rates between 2011 and 2013 using ordinary least squares regression. We included potential confounding variables from the 2010 Census and CalEnviroScreen 3.0: diesel exhaust particle emissions, PM2·5, and percent of the population living below 2 times the federal poverty level. We also built random intercept and slope models to assess city-level variation in the relationship between redlining and asthma.In the 1431 census tracts assessed (64 [4·5%] grade A, 241 [16·8%] grade B, 719 [50·2%] grade C, and 407 [28·4%] grade D), the proportion of the population that was non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of the population living in poverty, and diesel exhaust particle emissions all significantly increased as security map risk grade worsened (p<0·0001). The median age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma were 2·4 times higher in census tracts that were previously redlined (median 63·5 [IQR 34·3] visits per 10 000 residents per year [2011-13]) than in tracts at the lowest risk level (26·5 [18·4]). In adjusted models, redlined census tracts were associated with a relative risk of 1·39 (95% CI 1·21-1·57) in rates of emergency department visits due to asthma compared with that of lowest-risk census tracts.FINDINGSIn the 1431 census tracts assessed (64 [4·5%] grade A, 241 [16·8%] grade B, 719 [50·2%] grade C, and 407 [28·4%] grade D), the proportion of the population that was non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of the population living in poverty, and diesel exhaust particle emissions all significantly increased as security map risk grade worsened (p<0·0001). The median age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma were 2·4 times higher in census tracts that were previously redlined (median 63·5 [IQR 34·3] visits per 10 000 residents per year [2011-13]) than in tracts at the lowest risk level (26·5 [18·4]). In adjusted models, redlined census tracts were associated with a relative risk of 1·39 (95% CI 1·21-1·57) in rates of emergency department visits due to asthma compared with that of lowest-risk census tracts.Historically redlined census tracts have significantly higher rates of emergency department visits due to asthma, suggesting that this discriminatory practice might be contributing to racial and ethnic asthma health disparities.INTERPRETATIONHistorically redlined census tracts have significantly higher rates of emergency department visits due to asthma, suggesting that this discriminatory practice might be contributing to racial and ethnic asthma health disparities.National Heart Lung Blood Institute.FUNDINGNational Heart Lung Blood Institute. Background: Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the role of historical redlining as outlined in security maps created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC), the discriminatory practice of categorising neighbourhoods on the basis of perceived mortgage investment risk, on the burden of asthma in these neighbourhoods. Methods: We did an ecological study of HOLC risk grades and asthma exacerbations in California using the security maps available for the following eight cities: Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Stockton. Each census tract was categorised into one of four risk levels (A, B, C, or D) on the basis of the location of population-weighted centroids on security maps, with the worst risk level (D) indicating historical redlining. We obtained census tract-level rates of emergency department visits due to asthma from CalEnviroScreen 3.0. We assessed the relationship between risk grade and log-transformed asthma visit rates between 2011 and 2013 using ordinary least squares regression. We included potential confounding variables from the 2010 Census and CalEnviroScreen 3.0: diesel exhaust particle emissions, PM2·5, and percent of the population living below 2 times the federal poverty level. We also built random intercept and slope models to assess city-level variation in the relationship between redlining and asthma. Findings: In the 1431 census tracts assessed (64 [4·5%] grade A, 241 [16·8%] grade B, 719 [50·2%] grade C, and 407 [28·4%] grade D), the proportion of the population that was non-Hispanic black and Hispanic, the percentage of the population living in poverty, and diesel exhaust particle emissions all significantly increased as security map risk grade worsened (p<0·0001). The median age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma were 2·4 times higher in census tracts that were previously redlined (median 63·5 [IQR 34·3] visits per 10 000 residents per year [2011–13]) than in tracts at the lowest risk level (26·5 [18·4]). In adjusted models, redlined census tracts were associated with a relative risk of 1·39 (95% CI 1·21–1·57) in rates of emergency department visits due to asthma compared with that of lowest-risk census tracts. Interpretation: Historically redlined census tracts have significantly higher rates of emergency department visits due to asthma, suggesting that this discriminatory practice might be contributing to racial and ethnic asthma health disparities. Funding: National Heart Lung Blood Institute. |
| Author | Morello-Frosch, Rachel Mujahid, Mahasin Thakur, Neeta Casey, Joan A Balmes, John R Nardone, Anthony |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anthony surname: Nardone fullname: Nardone, Anthony email: anthony.nardone@ucsf.edu organization: University of California Berkeley–University of California San Francisco Joint Medical Program, Berkeley, CA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Joan A surname: Casey fullname: Casey, Joan A organization: School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Rachel surname: Morello-Frosch fullname: Morello-Frosch, Rachel organization: School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Mahasin surname: Mujahid fullname: Mujahid, Mahasin organization: School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: John R surname: Balmes fullname: Balmes, John R organization: University of California Berkeley–University of California San Francisco Joint Medical Program, Berkeley, CA, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Neeta surname: Thakur fullname: Thakur, Neeta organization: Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31999951$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNUk1v1DAQjVARLaU_AeRjOQTsJA42CKFqxUelShyAs-XYk-wsib3YTtH-M34e3mxboV6KLx6N37wZv3lPiyPnHRTFc0ZfMcra198q3lQlZ7I9Z_JlTauGlc2j4uQuffRPfFycxbihlDJRtS1nT4rjmsl8ODsp_lzE6A3qhN5F0kH6DeDIGmPyAY0eSYCIFlzCJbYjOnQD0c4SM4eQH4geoNR2M8cElgSdIBLfE5ggDODMjljY6pCmPfQaI6ZI7AwkeaJjWk-aaBN8jARwWCdiMGEmQEdWesTeB4f6bW5HwPjRD8tIMc1296x43OsxwtnNfVr8-PTx--pLefX18-Xq4qo0XIpUAqWiadu-5RIst5RL2feGgpUWJGOdthwAOg29gO6NEE3XNbqSVdNmeVhr6tPi8sBrvd6obcBJh53yGtWS8GFQ-XdoRlB13_VVJm56WjeCg7BCcCGEtkwyY5rMdX7g2gb_a4aY1ITRwDhqB36Oqqo5pVK0gmfoixvo3E1g7xrfbi4D3h0Ai3oBepWlW9aYgsZRMar2VlGLVdTeB4pJtVhF7Sfh96pvGzxU9-FQB1nya4SgosG8ZbAYwKSsCT7I8P4eg9l7Ku_1J-z-o_4vT-ft1w |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1002_ppul_26368 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_anai_2021_02_014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2023_103081 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202112_2707OC crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2023_108096 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_polisci_051120_125514 crossref_primary_10_1097_SLA_0000000000005195 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2023_04_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cppeds_2021_101087 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2024_06_020 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0286119 crossref_primary_10_1513_AnnalsATS_202502_219ST crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2021_110870 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12552_021_09338_z crossref_primary_10_1038_s41560_022_01162_y crossref_primary_10_1097_AIA_0000000000000386 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_anai_2021_10_002 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_022_35185_6 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_023_00725_y crossref_primary_10_1038_s41893_022_00856_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_07352166_2023_2206035 crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwab297 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2023_01_019 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41370_022_00512_y crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_ecolsys_102220_031745 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2023_10_031 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_14964_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2023_167452 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2217124120 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0267606 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oneear_2023_05_016 crossref_primary_10_1080_02770903_2023_2188567 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202307_1185OC crossref_primary_10_1056_NEJMc2312345 crossref_primary_10_3390_encyclopedia1030057 crossref_primary_10_1089_env_2024_0055 crossref_primary_10_2337_dci22_0044 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2025_18513 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sste_2024_100678 crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2021_306592 crossref_primary_10_1093_jncics_pkac016 crossref_primary_10_1136_archdischild_2020_320139 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2468_2667_22_00143_8 crossref_primary_10_1089_heq_2020_0069 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2022_107207 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnma_2023_01_010 crossref_primary_10_1002_ece3_71770 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202105_1209ED crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2023_307405 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2020_29063 crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2021_054825 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_acap_2021_05_026 crossref_primary_10_1177_08982643221122639 crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2023_065505 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP11662 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2022_102927 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP9033 crossref_primary_10_1089_env_2020_0011 crossref_primary_10_1126_science_aay4497 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_024_00841_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_disamonth_2023_101631 crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCULATIONAHA_123_064351 crossref_primary_10_1002_jcop_22658 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2021_114696 crossref_primary_10_1093_tbm_ibac005 crossref_primary_10_1183_16000617_0249_2023 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2023_06_020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2022_05_035 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2022_51201 crossref_primary_10_1097_PR9_0000000000001191 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40124_023_00308_0 crossref_primary_10_1080_17476348_2024_2307545 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_landurbplan_2022_104568 crossref_primary_10_1097_MNH_0000000000000845 crossref_primary_10_1513_AnnalsATS_202105_539OC crossref_primary_10_3390_environments12060199 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugalcdep_2024_112430 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41370_024_00682_x crossref_primary_10_1136_jech_2021_216439 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP11371 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2022_11_004 crossref_primary_10_1177_08959048231174882 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lana_2023_100468 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP12212 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2021_102529 crossref_primary_10_1097_ACI_0000000000000872 crossref_primary_10_3390_cli12090149 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0261028 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_174516 crossref_primary_10_1177_23998083211039854 crossref_primary_10_1016_S1473_3099_21_00257_7 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13561_024_00486_7 crossref_primary_10_1088_1748_9326_ac95af crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvp_2024_102468 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_publhealth_051920_110928 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvman_2024_122969 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202105_1246OC crossref_primary_10_1088_1748_9326_ac9070 crossref_primary_10_1111_1475_6773_14108 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_puhe_2024_10_022 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_024_02137_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_acap_2023_09_016 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccm_2024_02_025 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccm_2024_02_024 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP11900 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_uclim_2023_101505 crossref_primary_10_1097_DCR_0000000000002371 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202401_0146ED crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pedhc_2021_08_006 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0317581 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10286_021_00775_9 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12940_024_01055_5 crossref_primary_10_1002_emp2_13042 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202206_1063ED crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_est_5c00808 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11886_025_02238_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pcl_2020_12_009 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2024_04_012 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12552_025_09447_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s11606_023_08258_5 crossref_primary_10_1513_AnnalsATS_202312_1067ST crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2022_01_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_acap_2024_01_010 crossref_primary_10_1097_PPO_0000000000000590 crossref_primary_10_1513_AnnalsATS_202310_916OC crossref_primary_10_1016_j_joclim_2021_100093 crossref_primary_10_1177_0272989X221123569 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2022_107551 crossref_primary_10_1097_MOG_0000000000000855 crossref_primary_10_1080_07352166_2022_2147077 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202203_0507ED crossref_primary_10_1177_23727322241303885 crossref_primary_10_3390_w15193446 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_13227_4 crossref_primary_10_1111_acem_14601 crossref_primary_10_1177_0308518X211035410 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP7495 crossref_primary_10_3390_su17094028 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2024_119466 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_022_01443_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cppeds_2021_101028 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_det_2022_10_002 crossref_primary_10_1080_10511482_2022_2123249 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_021_00602_6 crossref_primary_10_1525_elementa_2022_00027 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_022_00665_z crossref_primary_10_1186_s12940_022_00879_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brachy_2025_01_002 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41370_022_00434_9 crossref_primary_10_1093_ornithapp_duad044 crossref_primary_10_5888_pcd21_240051 crossref_primary_10_1088_1748_9326_ad416d crossref_primary_10_3389_falgy_2025_1639718 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccm_2023_03_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccm_2023_03_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chest_2023_07_019 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2022_114989 crossref_primary_10_1093_sf_soac114 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40621_022_00370_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccm_2023_03_002 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ophtha_2022_12_005 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202104_0845OC crossref_primary_10_1177_26349825241254127 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jstrokecerebrovasdis_2022_106853 crossref_primary_10_1002_aet2_10753 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202107_1612OC crossref_primary_10_1681_ASN_0000000000000165 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2021_12_760 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccm_2023_03_008 crossref_primary_10_1097_PHH_0000000000001444 crossref_primary_10_1177_00027162211005690 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1364323 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11252_025_01758_8 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41559_023_02257_9 crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2022_058316 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_placenta_2022_06_008 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40257_023_00797_1 crossref_primary_10_1057_s41599_023_02115_w crossref_primary_10_1038_s41380_023_02006_1 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202406_1225ED crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202403_0591ED crossref_primary_10_1080_13549839_2022_2040460 crossref_primary_10_1093_schbul_sbad122 crossref_primary_10_1093_pnasnexus_pgae301 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines12020121 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2021_09_020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sleh_2023_09_008 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_20015 crossref_primary_10_1513_AnnalsATS_202407_705OC crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cgh_2022_03_011 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2352_4642_23_00262_6 crossref_primary_10_1080_15374416_2023_2202253 crossref_primary_10_1056_NEJMsb2213250 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_022_01460_x crossref_primary_10_1089_env_2021_0039 crossref_primary_10_1513_AnnalsATS_202107_890PS crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_024_00862_y crossref_primary_10_1097_MLR_0000000000001735 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mcna_2022_08_005 crossref_primary_10_1001_jama_2023_7242 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_025_02362_4 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP14346 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2321441121 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2021_05_006 crossref_primary_10_1080_10530789_2022_2080793 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2023_10_025 crossref_primary_10_1097_EDE_0000000000001646 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pcl_2023_03_010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pcl_2023_03_013 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41372_021_00917_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2022_02_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2024_12_029 crossref_primary_10_1097_MOP_0000000000001235 crossref_primary_10_1289_EHP12276 crossref_primary_10_1513_AnnalsATS_202407_767ST crossref_primary_10_1038_s41370_021_00333_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaip_2023_10_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2022_06_010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_canep_2021_101998 crossref_primary_10_3389_fped_2022_806691 crossref_primary_10_1164_rccm_202309_1702OC crossref_primary_10_1016_j_landurbplan_2022_104498 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaci_2020_10_034 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1080/02770900802712971 10.3109/02770909909075409 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03157.x 10.1056/NEJMoa071535 10.1080/00031305.1992.10475842 10.1007/s11524-009-9404-1 10.1007/s11524-014-9872-9 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521555 10.3390/ijerph14121546 10.2105/AJPH.98.Supplement_1.S48 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.10.004 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 10.1016/j.envres.2006.05.007 10.1007/s11882-018-0782-x 10.1164/rccm.200601-007OC 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.004 10.1007/s13524-011-0058-8 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.04.014 10.1016/j.ccm.2006.04.003 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.038 10.1289/ehp.1205919 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.02.043 10.1038/jes.2014.5 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.011 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2012.01417.x 10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.040 10.1289/EHP898 10.3390/socsci7100194 10.1164/rccm.201510-2045ED 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020169 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license – notice: Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. |
| DBID | 6I. AAFTH AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 DOA |
| DOI | 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4 |
| DatabaseName | ScienceDirect Open Access Titles Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Meteorology & Climatology |
| EISSN | 2542-5196 |
| EndPage | e31 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_3fbf2d9d4f03485e8d885888ad191cc4 31999951 10_1016_S2542_5196_19_30241_4 S2542519619302414 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
| GeographicLocations | California Cities |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: California – name: Cities |
| GrantInformation | National Heart Lung Blood Institute. |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: NHLBI NIH HHS grantid: K23 HL125551 – fundername: NIEHS NIH HHS grantid: K99 ES027023 – fundername: NIH HHS grantid: UG3 OD023272 – fundername: NIH HHS grantid: UH3 OD023272 |
| GroupedDBID | .1- .FO 0R~ 53G AAEDW AALRI AAMRU AAXUO ACGFS ACVFH ADBBV ADCNI AEUPX AEXQZ AFPUW AFRHN AFTJW AIGII AITUG AJUYK AKBMS AKYEP ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS APXCP BCNDV EBS EJD FDB GROUPED_DOAJ M~E OK1 ROL SSZ Z5R 0SF 6I. AAFTH AFCTW NCXOZ AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c598t-e008466f659ed5d0599ffc0ed9de911bad5eeebaef8eb7884bb4a2924695116c3 |
| IEDL.DBID | DOA |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 260 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000525944700010&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 2542-5196 |
| IngestDate | Fri Oct 03 12:52:37 EDT 2025 Thu Oct 02 10:20:53 EDT 2025 Thu Jan 02 22:54:05 EST 2025 Wed Nov 12 18:37:26 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:14:47 EST 2025 Thu Jul 20 20:18:57 EDT 2023 Tue Aug 26 20:05:13 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 1 |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article under the CC BY license. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c598t-e008466f659ed5d0599ffc0ed9de911bad5eeebaef8eb7884bb4a2924695116c3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doaj.org/article/3fbf2d9d4f03485e8d885888ad191cc4 |
| PMID | 31999951 |
| PQID | 2350098685 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_3fbf2d9d4f03485e8d885888ad191cc4 proquest_miscellaneous_2350098685 pubmed_primary_31999951 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_S2542_5196_19_30241_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2542_5196_19_30241_4 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_S2542_5196_19_30241_4 elsevier_clinicalkey_doi_10_1016_S2542_5196_19_30241_4 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | January 2020 2020-01-00 20200101 2020-01-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-01-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2020 text: January 2020 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Netherlands |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Netherlands |
| PublicationTitle | The Lancet. Planetary health |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Lancet Planet Health |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd Elsevier |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd – name: Elsevier |
| References | Krysan, Crowder (bib15) 2017 Xie, Gough (bib31) 2011; 48 Oh, White, Gignoux, Burchard (bib1) 2016; 193 Morello-Frosch, Lopez (bib36) 2006; 102 Canino, McQuaid, Rand (bib7) 2009; 123 Chen, Shalowitz, Story (bib18) 2017; 140 Dougherty, Fahy (bib44) 2009; 39 Gee (bib29) 2008; 98 Guarnieri, Balmes (bib4) 2014; 383 Beyer, Zhou, Matthews, Bemanian, Laud, Nattinger (bib30) 2016; 40 Nelson, Winling, Marciano, Connolly, Ayers (bib19) Brundson, Chen (bib23) 2014 Rodriguez, Zeise (bib21) 2017 Gaskin, Dinwiddie, Chan, McCleary (bib16) 2012; 47 Althuis, Sexton, Prybylski (bib47) 1999; 36 Oehlert (bib24) 1992; 46 Aaronson, Hartley, Mazumder (bib14) 2019 Wright (bib33) 2006; 27 Rothstein (bib8) 2017 McClure, Feinstein, Cordoba (bib10) 2019; 55 Michney, Winling (bib13) 2019 Mehdipanah, Ramirez, Abedin, F Brown (bib41) 2018; 7 (bib2) 2019 (bib20) 2018 Casey, James, Cushing, Jesdale, Morello-Frosch (bib39) 2017; 14 Northridge, Ramirez, Stingone, Claudio (bib35) 2010; 87 Casey, Morello-Frosch, Mennitt, Fristrup, Ogburn, James (bib38) 2017; 125 Jacoby, Dong, Beard, Wiebe, Morrison (bib9) 2018; 199 Nardone, Neophytou, Balmes, Thakur (bib3) 2018; 18 Kochhar, Fry (bib17) 2014 Esenwa, Ilunga Tshiswaka, Gebregziabher, Ovbiagele (bib43) 2018; 49 Simons, Dell, Moineddin, To (bib45) 2019; 2019 Flores, Snowden-Bridon, Torres (bib5) 2009; 46 Jackson (bib12) 1985 Huggins (bib28) 2017; 19 Badger, Bui, Gebeloff (bib48) April 27, 2019 Kingsley, Eliot, Carlson (bib32) 2014; 24 McCreanor, Cullinan, Nieuwenhuijsen (bib22) 2007; 357 Jesdale, Morello-Frosch, Cushing (bib37) 2013; 121 Bates, Maechler, Bolker, Walker (bib25) 2015; 67 Crossney, Bartelt (bib46) 2005; 16 Mitchell, Franco (bib11) 2018 Moran (bib26) 1950; 37 Bivand, Pebesma, Gomez-Rubio (bib27) 2013 Krishnan, Diette, Rand (bib6) 2006; 174 Kramer, Black, Matthews, James (bib42) 2017; 3 Rao, George, Rosenstiel, Shandas, Dinno (bib40) 2014; 194 Camacho-Rivera, Kawachi, Bennett, Subramanian (bib34) 2014; 91 Kramer (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib42) 2017; 3 Aaronson (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib14) Krysan (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib15) 2017 Mitchell (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib11) Beyer (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib30) 2016; 40 Huggins (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib28) 2017; 19 Brundson (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib23) Northridge (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib35) 2010; 87 Casey (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib38) 2017; 125 Rothstein (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib8) 2017 McClure (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib10) 2019; 55 Xie (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib31) 2011; 48 Wright (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib33) 2006; 27 Dougherty (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib44) 2009; 39 Chen (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib18) 2017; 140 Moran (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib26) 1950; 37 Rodriguez (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib21) Oehlert (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib24) 1992; 46 Rao (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib40) 2014; 194 Bivand (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib27) 2013 Simons (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib45) 2019; 2019 Nelson (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib19) Nardone (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib3) 2018; 18 Althuis (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib47) 1999; 36 Michney (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib13) 2019 Camacho-Rivera (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib34) 2014; 91 McCreanor (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib22) 2007; 357 Bates (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib25) 2015; 67 Jesdale (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib37) 2013; 121 Esenwa (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib43) 2018; 49 Flores (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib5) 2009; 46 Jackson (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib12) 1985 Badger (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib48) 2019 Kochhar (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib17) 2014 Morello-Frosch (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib36) 2006; 102 Guarnieri (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib4) 2014; 383 Gee (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib29) 2008; 98 Kingsley (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib32) 2014; 24 Canino (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib7) 2009; 123 Crossney (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib46) 2005; 16 Krishnan (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib6) 2006; 174 Casey (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib39) 2017; 14 Oh (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib1) 2016; 193 Jacoby (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib9) 2018; 199 Mehdipanah (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib41) 2018; 7 Gaskin (10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib16) 2012; 47 |
| References_xml | – year: 1985 ident: bib12 article-title: Crabgrass frontier: the suburbanization of the United States – volume: 140 start-page: 828 year: 2017 end-page: 835 ident: bib18 article-title: Parents' childhood socioeconomic circumstances are associated with their children's asthma outcomes publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol – volume: 87 start-page: 211 year: 2010 end-page: 224 ident: bib35 article-title: The role of housing type and housing quality in urban children with asthma publication-title: J Urban Health – volume: 102 start-page: 181 year: 2006 end-page: 196 ident: bib36 article-title: The riskscape and the color line: examining the role of segregation in environmental health disparities publication-title: Environ Res – year: 2019 ident: bib13 article-title: New perspectives on new deal housing policy: explicating and mapping HOLC loans to African Americans publication-title: J Urban Hist – volume: 123 start-page: 1209 year: 2009 end-page: 1217 ident: bib7 article-title: Addressing asthma health disparities: a multilevel challenge publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol – volume: 14 year: 2017 ident: bib39 article-title: Race, ethnicity, income concentration and 10-year change in urban greenness in the United States publication-title: Int J Environ Res Public Health – volume: 46 start-page: 27 year: 1992 end-page: 29 ident: bib24 article-title: A Note on the delta method publication-title: Am Stat – volume: 37 start-page: 17 year: 1950 ident: bib26 article-title: Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena publication-title: Biometrika – year: 2013 ident: bib27 article-title: Applied spatial data analysis with R – volume: 27 start-page: 413 year: 2006 end-page: 421 ident: bib33 article-title: Health effects of socially toxic neighborhoods: the violence and urban asthma paradigm publication-title: Clin Chest Med – year: 2014 ident: bib17 article-title: Wealth inequality has widened along racial, ethnic lines since end of Great Recession – volume: 18 start-page: 29 year: 2018 ident: bib3 article-title: Ambient air pollution and asthma-related outcomes in children of color of the USA: a scoping review of literature published between 2013 and 2017 publication-title: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep – volume: 47 start-page: 2353 year: 2012 end-page: 2376 ident: bib16 article-title: Residential segregation and the availability of primary care physicians publication-title: Health Serv Res – year: 2019 ident: bib2 article-title: Asthma surveillance data – volume: 174 start-page: 633 year: 2006 end-page: 638 ident: bib6 article-title: Mortality in patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbations in the United States publication-title: Am J Respir Crit Care Med – volume: 24 start-page: 253 year: 2014 end-page: 259 ident: bib32 article-title: Proximity of US schools to major roadways: a nationwide assessment publication-title: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol – year: 2018 ident: bib20 article-title: CalEnviroScreen 3.0 – volume: 91 start-page: 661 year: 2014 end-page: 676 ident: bib34 article-title: Associations of neighborhood concentrated poverty, neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, and indoor allergen exposures: a cross-sectional analysis of Los Angeles households, 2006–2008 publication-title: J Urban Health – year: 2017 ident: bib21 article-title: Update to the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool: CalEnviroScreen 3.0 – volume: 49 start-page: 465 year: 2018 end-page: 469 ident: bib43 article-title: Historical slavery and modern-day stroke mortality in the United States stroke belt publication-title: Stroke – year: 2014 ident: bib23 article-title: GISTools: some further GIS capabilities for R – volume: 39 start-page: 193 year: 2009 end-page: 202 ident: bib44 article-title: Acute exacerbations of asthma: epidemiology, biology and the exacerbation-prone phenotype publication-title: Clin Exp Allergy – volume: 98 start-page: S48 year: 2008 end-page: S56 ident: bib29 article-title: A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status publication-title: Am J Public Health – volume: 357 start-page: 2348 year: 2007 end-page: 2358 ident: bib22 article-title: Respiratory effects of exposure to diesel traffic in persons with asthma publication-title: N Engl J Med – year: 2017 ident: bib15 article-title: Cycle of segregation; social processes and residential stratification – volume: 19 start-page: 267 year: 2017 end-page: 280 ident: bib28 article-title: A cartographic perspective on the correlation between redlining and public health in Austin, Texas–1951 publication-title: Cityscape – volume: 383 start-page: 1581 year: 2014 end-page: 1592 ident: bib4 article-title: Outdoor air pollution and asthma publication-title: Lancet – volume: 3 start-page: 609 year: 2017 end-page: 617 ident: bib42 article-title: Population health: the legacy of slavery and contemporary declines in heart disease mortality in the US south publication-title: SSM-Popul Health – ident: bib19 article-title: Mapping inequality. American Panorama – volume: 46 start-page: 392 year: 2009 end-page: 398 ident: bib5 article-title: Urban minority children with asthma: substantial morbidity, compromised quality and access to specialists, and the importance of poverty and specialty care publication-title: J Asthma – volume: 55 start-page: 9 year: 2019 end-page: 19 ident: bib10 article-title: The legacy of redlining in the effect of foreclosures on Detroit residents' self-rated health publication-title: Health Place – volume: 48 start-page: 1293 year: 2011 end-page: 1315 ident: bib31 article-title: Ethnic enclaves and the earnings of immigrants publication-title: Demography – volume: 194 start-page: 96 year: 2014 end-page: 104 ident: bib40 article-title: Assessing the relationship among urban trees, nitrogen dioxide, and respiratory health publication-title: Environ Pollut – year: 2018 ident: bib11 article-title: HOLC and “redlining” maps: the persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality – year: 2019 ident: bib14 article-title: The effects of the 1930s “redlining” maps – volume: 40 start-page: 34 year: 2016 end-page: 43 ident: bib30 article-title: New spatially continuous indices of redlining and racial bias in mortgage lending: links to survival after breast cancer diagnosis and implications for health disparities research publication-title: Health Place – volume: 36 start-page: 257 year: 1999 end-page: 264 ident: bib47 article-title: Cigarette smoking and asthma symptom severity among adult asthmatics publication-title: J Asthma – year: 2017 ident: bib8 article-title: The color of law – volume: 67 start-page: 1 year: 2015 end-page: 48 ident: bib25 article-title: Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4 publication-title: J Stat Softw – year: April 27, 2019 ident: bib48 article-title: The neighborhood is mostly black. The home buyers are mostly white publication-title: The New York Times – volume: 16 start-page: 547 year: 2005 end-page: 574 ident: bib46 article-title: The legacy of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation publication-title: Hous Policy Debate – volume: 199 start-page: 87 year: 2018 end-page: 95 ident: bib9 article-title: The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia publication-title: Soc Sci Med – volume: 2019 start-page: 1 year: 2019 end-page: 7 ident: bib45 article-title: Neighborhood material deprivation is associated with childhood asthma development: analysis of prospective administrative data publication-title: Can Respir J – volume: 193 start-page: 348 year: 2016 end-page: 350 ident: bib1 article-title: Making precision medicine socially precise. Take a deep breath publication-title: Am J Respir Crit Care Med – volume: 121 start-page: 811 year: 2013 end-page: 817 ident: bib37 article-title: The racial/ethnic distribution of heat risk-related land cover in relation to residential segregation publication-title: Environ Health Perspect – volume: 125 year: 2017 ident: bib38 article-title: Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, residential segregation, and spatial variation in noise exposure in the contiguous United States publication-title: Environ Health Perspect – volume: 7 start-page: 194 year: 2018 ident: bib41 article-title: Housing discrimination and health: understanding potential linking pathways using a mixed-methods approach publication-title: Soc Sci – volume: 46 start-page: 392 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib5 article-title: Urban minority children with asthma: substantial morbidity, compromised quality and access to specialists, and the importance of poverty and specialty care publication-title: J Asthma doi: 10.1080/02770900802712971 – year: 1985 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib12 – volume: 19 start-page: 267 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib28 article-title: A cartographic perspective on the correlation between redlining and public health in Austin, Texas–1951 publication-title: Cityscape – volume: 36 start-page: 257 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib47 article-title: Cigarette smoking and asthma symptom severity among adult asthmatics publication-title: J Asthma doi: 10.3109/02770909909075409 – year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib27 – volume: 39 start-page: 193 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib44 article-title: Acute exacerbations of asthma: epidemiology, biology and the exacerbation-prone phenotype publication-title: Clin Exp Allergy doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03157.x – volume: 357 start-page: 2348 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib22 article-title: Respiratory effects of exposure to diesel traffic in persons with asthma publication-title: N Engl J Med doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa071535 – volume: 46 start-page: 27 year: 1992 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib24 article-title: A Note on the delta method publication-title: Am Stat doi: 10.1080/00031305.1992.10475842 – volume: 87 start-page: 211 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib35 article-title: The role of housing type and housing quality in urban children with asthma publication-title: J Urban Health doi: 10.1007/s11524-009-9404-1 – volume: 91 start-page: 661 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib34 article-title: Associations of neighborhood concentrated poverty, neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, and indoor allergen exposures: a cross-sectional analysis of Los Angeles households, 2006–2008 publication-title: J Urban Health doi: 10.1007/s11524-014-9872-9 – volume: 16 start-page: 547 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib46 article-title: The legacy of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation publication-title: Hous Policy Debate doi: 10.1080/10511482.2005.9521555 – volume: 14 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib39 article-title: Race, ethnicity, income concentration and 10-year change in urban greenness in the United States publication-title: Int J Environ Res Public Health doi: 10.3390/ijerph14121546 – volume: 98 start-page: S48 issue: suppl 9 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib29 article-title: A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status publication-title: Am J Public Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.98.Supplement_1.S48 – volume: 55 start-page: 9 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib10 article-title: The legacy of redlining in the effect of foreclosures on Detroit residents' self-rated health publication-title: Health Place doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.10.004 – volume: 67 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib25 article-title: Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4 publication-title: J Stat Softw doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 – volume: 102 start-page: 181 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib36 article-title: The riskscape and the color line: examining the role of segregation in environmental health disparities publication-title: Environ Res doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.05.007 – volume: 18 start-page: 29 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib3 article-title: Ambient air pollution and asthma-related outcomes in children of color of the USA: a scoping review of literature published between 2013 and 2017 publication-title: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep doi: 10.1007/s11882-018-0782-x – volume: 174 start-page: 633 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib6 article-title: Mortality in patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbations in the United States publication-title: Am J Respir Crit Care Med doi: 10.1164/rccm.200601-007OC – volume: 3 start-page: 609 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib42 article-title: Population health: the legacy of slavery and contemporary declines in heart disease mortality in the US south publication-title: SSM-Popul Health doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.004 – year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib15 – volume: 48 start-page: 1293 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib31 article-title: Ethnic enclaves and the earnings of immigrants publication-title: Demography doi: 10.1007/s13524-011-0058-8 – volume: 2019 start-page: 1 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib45 article-title: Neighborhood material deprivation is associated with childhood asthma development: analysis of prospective administrative data publication-title: Can Respir J – volume: 40 start-page: 34 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib30 article-title: New spatially continuous indices of redlining and racial bias in mortgage lending: links to survival after breast cancer diagnosis and implications for health disparities research publication-title: Health Place doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.04.014 – ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib11 – volume: 27 start-page: 413 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib33 article-title: Health effects of socially toxic neighborhoods: the violence and urban asthma paradigm publication-title: Clin Chest Med doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2006.04.003 – ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib23 – volume: 199 start-page: 87 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib9 article-title: The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia publication-title: Soc Sci Med doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.038 – volume: 121 start-page: 811 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib37 article-title: The racial/ethnic distribution of heat risk-related land cover in relation to residential segregation publication-title: Environ Health Perspect doi: 10.1289/ehp.1205919 – year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib8 – volume: 123 start-page: 1209 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib7 article-title: Addressing asthma health disparities: a multilevel challenge publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.02.043 – volume: 24 start-page: 253 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib32 article-title: Proximity of US schools to major roadways: a nationwide assessment publication-title: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol doi: 10.1038/jes.2014.5 – volume: 383 start-page: 1581 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib4 article-title: Outdoor air pollution and asthma publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6 – volume: 194 start-page: 96 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib40 article-title: Assessing the relationship among urban trees, nitrogen dioxide, and respiratory health publication-title: Environ Pollut doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.011 – year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib48 article-title: The neighborhood is mostly black. The home buyers are mostly white publication-title: The New York Times – ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib19 – ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib14 – volume: 47 start-page: 2353 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib16 article-title: Residential segregation and the availability of primary care physicians publication-title: Health Serv Res doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2012.01417.x – year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib13 article-title: New perspectives on new deal housing policy: explicating and mapping HOLC loans to African Americans publication-title: J Urban Hist – volume: 37 start-page: 17 year: 1950 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib26 article-title: Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena publication-title: Biometrika doi: 10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17 – volume: 140 start-page: 828 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib18 article-title: Parents' childhood socioeconomic circumstances are associated with their children's asthma outcomes publication-title: J Allergy Clin Immunol doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.040 – volume: 125 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib38 article-title: Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, residential segregation, and spatial variation in noise exposure in the contiguous United States publication-title: Environ Health Perspect doi: 10.1289/EHP898 – volume: 7 start-page: 194 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib41 article-title: Housing discrimination and health: understanding potential linking pathways using a mixed-methods approach publication-title: Soc Sci doi: 10.3390/socsci7100194 – ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib21 – volume: 193 start-page: 348 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib1 article-title: Making precision medicine socially precise. Take a deep breath publication-title: Am J Respir Crit Care Med doi: 10.1164/rccm.201510-2045ED – year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib17 – volume: 49 start-page: 465 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4_bib43 article-title: Historical slavery and modern-day stroke mortality in the United States stroke belt publication-title: Stroke doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020169 |
| SSID | ssj0001826651 |
| Score | 2.571542 |
| Snippet | Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we assess the... Background: Asthma disproportionately affects communities of colour in the USA, but the underlying factors for this remain poorly understood. In this study, we... |
| SourceID | doaj proquest pubmed crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Open Website Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | e24 |
| SubjectTerms | Asthma - epidemiology California Cities Emergency Service, Hospital - statistics & numerical data Housing - statistics & numerical data Humans Poverty - statistics & numerical data Racism - statistics & numerical data Residence Characteristics |
| Title | Associations between historical residential redlining and current age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma across eight cities in California: an ecological study |
| URI | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S2542519619302414 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31999951 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2350098685 https://doaj.org/article/3fbf2d9d4f03485e8d885888ad191cc4 |
| Volume | 4 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000525944700010&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals customDbUrl: eissn: 2542-5196 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0001826651 issn: 2542-5196 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 20170101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVHPJ databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources customDbUrl: eissn: 2542-5196 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0001826651 issn: 2542-5196 databaseCode: M~E dateStart: 20170101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org providerName: ISSN International Centre |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9NAEF5BxYEL4k14VIOEEBxM48eu19ygasWBVkiAlNtqn6pRsFHscOR38fOYHT-aHlA4cIkSKxN7PV_m5Z1vGHuhbckz4XxiMZxOCmPKRMuQJYHLUAZTCT1o-mN5fi5Xq-rTzqivuCdsoAcebtxRHkzIXOWKsMwLyb10UnJM27TDTMNaYgLFqGcnmaLqCkbNgmYvYgKE2Rbi7LJ95-jzfPBVWr3O0U1hHnXFMRF__xX_9Lf4k_zQ6W12awwg4d1w4XfYNd_cZYszjH3bDZXI4SUcr2sMROnTPfZ7RwMdjPuy4GKmBwFMuGtq16X3bk0jI0A3DuxA3gRocxLtvm1jaRQit0QHbQA_dW6CQ5-2oe3qEHvV-w7c1kPfgu76i-8aNC0ZqAoLljhcoW7gsi_sLZ4OvJ0MMRDp7X329fTky_GHZJzXkFheyT7xkZxfiCB45R13kfklBLv0qD2PNtVox733RvsgvcHUG5FR6AwTQIFhXips_oAdNG3jHzFIhSm4t3luuCtQ49qaZWlTjRAShlfFghWTspQdyczjTI21mnetRR2rqGOVVop0rFDszSz2Y2Dz2CfwPiJh_nIk46YDCFE1QlTtg-iCiQlHaup3RQuNP1TvO7ucBceAaAh0_kX0-QRYhQYjPgXSjW-3ncpyHklkheQL9nBA8ry8PJJSoDIe_49lP2E3s1icoHrVU3bQb7b-Gbthf_Z1tzlk18uVPKR_Lb6e_Tr5AyQkRL4 |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Associations+between+historical+residential+redlining+and+current+age-adjusted+rates+of+emergency+department+visits+due+to+asthma+across+eight+cities+in+California%3A+an+ecological+study&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Planetary+health&rft.au=Nardone%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Casey%2C+Joan+A&rft.au=Morello-Frosch%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Mujahid%2C+Mahasin&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=2542-5196&rft.eissn=2542-5196&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=e24&rft.epage=e31&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2819%2930241-4&rft.externalDocID=S2542519619302414 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2542-5196&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2542-5196&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2542-5196&client=summon |