Trial Protocol: Using genotype to tailor prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy: a randomised controlled trial assessing impact of communication upon adherence

Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement ther...

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Published in:BMC public health Vol. 10; no. 1; p. 680
Main Authors: Marteau, Theresa M, Munafò, Marcus R, Aveyard, Paul, Hill, Chloe, Whitwell, Sophia, Willis, Thomas A, Crockett, Rachel A, Hollands, Gareth J, Johnstone, Elaine C, Wright, Alison J, Prevost, A Toby, Armstrong, David, Sutton, Stephen, Kinmonth, Ann Louise
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London BioMed Central 09.11.2010
BioMed Central Ltd
Springer Nature B.V
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ISSN:1471-2458, 1471-2458
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Abstract Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: IAdherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA (genotype), compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months, motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype. Methods/Design An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups: i. NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis ( OPRM1 gene) (genotype), or ii. NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype) The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t -test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II). Discussion This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. Trial details Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC) Grant number: G0500274 ISRCTN: 14352545 Date trial stated: June 2007 Expected end date: December 2009 Expected reporting date: December 2010
AbstractList The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups: This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed.
Abstract Background: The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: I Adherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA (genotype), compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months, motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype. Methods/Design: An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups: i. NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis (OPRM1 gene) (genotype), or ii. NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype) The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t -test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II). Discussion: This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. Trial details: Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC) Grant number: G0500274 ISRCTN: 14352545 Date trial stated: June 2007 Expected end date: December 2009 Expected reporting date: December 2010
Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: Methods/Design An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups: The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t-test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II). Discussion This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. Trial details Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC) Grant number: G0500274 ISRCTN: 14352545 Date trial stated: June 2007 Expected end date: December 2009 Expected reporting date: December 2010
The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: I Adherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA (genotype), compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months, motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype.BACKGROUNDThe behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: I Adherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA (genotype), compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months, motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype.An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups:i. NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis (OPRM1 gene) (genotype), orii. NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype)The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t-test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II).METHODS/DESIGNAn open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups:i. NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis (OPRM1 gene) (genotype), orii. NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype)The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t-test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II).This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. TRIAL DETAILS: Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC)Grant number: G0500274. ISRCTN: 14352545. Date trial stated: June 2007. Expected end date: December 2009. Expected reporting date: December 2010.DISCUSSIONThis is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. TRIAL DETAILS: Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC)Grant number: G0500274. ISRCTN: 14352545. Date trial stated: June 2007. Expected end date: December 2009. Expected reporting date: December 2010.
Abstract Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: IAdherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA (genotype), compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months, motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype. Methods/Design An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups: i. NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis (OPRM1 gene) (genotype), or ii. NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype) The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t-test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II). Discussion This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. Trial details Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC) Grant number: G0500274 ISRCTN: 14352545 Date trial stated: June 2007 Expected end date: December 2009 Expected reporting date: December 2010
Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: IAdherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA (genotype), compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months, motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype. Methods/Design An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups: i. NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis ( OPRM1 gene) (genotype), or ii. NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype) The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t -test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II). Discussion This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. Trial details Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC) Grant number: G0500274 ISRCTN: 14352545 Date trial stated: June 2007 Expected end date: December 2009 Expected reporting date: December 2010
The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. The objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) of informing smokers that their oral dose of NRT has been tailored to a DNA analysis. Hypotheses to be tested are as follows: I Adherence to NRT is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose of NRT is tailored to an analysis of DNA (genotype), compared to one tailored to nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype). II Amongst smokers who fail to quit at six months, motivation to make another quit attempt is lower when informed that their oral dose of NRT was tailored to genotype rather than phenotype. An open label, parallel groups randomised trial in which 630 adult smokers (smoking 10 or more cigarettes daily) using National Health Service (NHS) stop smoking services in primary care are randomly allocated to one of two groups:i. NRT oral dose tailored by DNA analysis (OPRM1 gene) (genotype), orii. NRT oral dose tailored by nicotine dependence questionnaire score (phenotype)The primary outcome is proportion of prescribed NRT consumed in the first 28 days following an initial quit attempt, with the secondary outcome being motivation to make another quit attempt, amongst smokers not abstinent at six months. Other outcomes include adherence to NRT in the first seven days and biochemically validated smoking abstinence at six months. The primary outcome will be collected on 630 smokers allowing sufficient power to detect a 7.5% difference in mean proportion of NRT consumed using a two-tailed test at the 5% level of significance between groups. The proportion of all NRT consumed in the first four weeks of quitting will be compared between arms using an independent samples t-test and by estimating the 95% confidence interval for observed between-arm difference in mean NRT consumption (Hypothesis I). Motivation to make another quit attempt will be compared between arms in those failing to quit by six months (Hypothesis II). This is the first clinical trial evaluating the behavioural impact on adherence of prescribing medication using genetic rather than phenotypic information. Specific issues regarding the choice of design for trials of interventions of this kind are discussed. TRIAL DETAILS: Funder: Medical Research Council (MRC)Grant number: G0500274. ISRCTN: 14352545. Date trial stated: June 2007. Expected end date: December 2009. Expected reporting date: December 2010.
ArticleNumber 680
Audience Academic
Author Prevost, A Toby
Willis, Thomas A
Wright, Alison J
Whitwell, Sophia
Hollands, Gareth J
Sutton, Stephen
Kinmonth, Ann Louise
Marteau, Theresa M
Hill, Chloe
Johnstone, Elaine C
Munafò, Marcus R
Crockett, Rachel A
Aveyard, Paul
Armstrong, David
AuthorAffiliation 3 Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
2 Department of Experimental Psychology, 12a Priory Road, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
4 University of Oxford, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
6 University of Cambridge Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
1 King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section, 5th Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
5 King's College London, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, 5th Floor Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London SE1 3QD, UK
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 University of Oxford, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
– name: 1 King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section, 5th Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
– name: 3 Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
– name: 6 University of Cambridge Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
– name: 2 Department of Experimental Psychology, 12a Priory Road, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
– name: 5 King's College London, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, 5th Floor Capital House, 42 Weston Street, London SE1 3QD, UK
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Theresa M
  surname: Marteau
  fullname: Marteau, Theresa M
  email: theresa.marteau@kcl.ac.uk
  organization: King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Marcus R
  surname: Munafò
  fullname: Munafò, Marcus R
  organization: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol
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  givenname: Paul
  surname: Aveyard
  fullname: Aveyard, Paul
  organization: Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Chloe
  surname: Hill
  fullname: Hill, Chloe
  organization: King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Sophia
  surname: Whitwell
  fullname: Whitwell, Sophia
  organization: King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Thomas A
  surname: Willis
  fullname: Willis, Thomas A
  organization: King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Rachel A
  surname: Crockett
  fullname: Crockett, Rachel A
  organization: King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Gareth J
  surname: Hollands
  fullname: Hollands, Gareth J
  organization: King's College London, Psychology Department (at Guy's), Health Psychology Section
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Elaine C
  surname: Johnstone
  fullname: Johnstone, Elaine C
  organization: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Alison J
  surname: Wright
  fullname: Wright, Alison J
  organization: Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London
– sequence: 11
  givenname: A Toby
  surname: Prevost
  fullname: Prevost, A Toby
  organization: Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London
– sequence: 12
  givenname: David
  surname: Armstrong
  fullname: Armstrong, David
  organization: Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London
– sequence: 13
  givenname: Stephen
  surname: Sutton
  fullname: Sutton, Stephen
  organization: University of Cambridge Department of Public Health and Primary Care
– sequence: 14
  givenname: Ann Louise
  surname: Kinmonth
  fullname: Kinmonth, Ann Louise
  organization: University of Cambridge Department of Public Health and Primary Care
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21062464$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
COPYRIGHT 2010 BioMed Central Ltd.
2010 Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright ©2010 Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010 Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Copyright_xml – notice: Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
– notice: COPYRIGHT 2010 BioMed Central Ltd.
– notice: 2010 Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
– notice: Copyright ©2010 Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010 Marteau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
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DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-10-680
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Issue 1
Keywords National Health Service
Nicotine Dependence
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Nicotine
Smoking Cessation
Language English
License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Snippet Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication...
The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may...
Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication...
Abstract Background: The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation...
Abstract Background The behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation...
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SubjectTerms Adult
Biostatistics
Biotechnology industry
College campuses
Communication
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
England
Environmental Health
Epidemiology
Ganglionic Stimulants - administration & dosage
Genetic aspects
Genetic screening
Genetic testing
Genotype
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Health care
Health psychology
Health sciences
Humans
Medical research
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Molecular Targeted Therapy
Nicotine
Nicotine - administration & dosage
No confidence motions & votes
Patient Compliance
Prescriptions
Preventive medicine
Primary care
Public Health
Receptors, Opioid, mu - genetics
Research Design
Smoking
Smoking - drug therapy
Smoking Cessation
Smoking cessation products
Smoking cessation programs
State Medicine
Study Protocol
Surveys and Questionnaires
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Title Trial Protocol: Using genotype to tailor prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy: a randomised controlled trial assessing impact of communication upon adherence
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