Time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling: Basic properties and timing strategies for human applications

Purpose In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te‐pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored. Methods First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Magnetic resonance in medicine Jg. 72; H. 6; S. 1712 - 1722
Hauptverfasser:	Teeuwisse, Wouter M., Schmid, Sophie, Ghariq, Eidrees, Veer, Ilya M., van Osch, Matthias J.P.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2014 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Schlagworte:	Adult Algorithms arterial spin labeling arterial transit time Blood Flow Velocity - physiology Coronary Circulation - physiology Coronary Vessels - anatomy & histology Coronary Vessels - physiology Female Hadamard encoded Humans Image Enhancement - methods Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods magnetic resonance imaging Male Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Spin Labels time encoded Hadamard encoded magnetic resonance imaging time encoded arterial spin labeling arterial transit time
ISSN:	0740-3194, 1522-2594, 1522-2594
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Abstract	Purpose In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te‐pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored. Methods First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te‐pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1‐decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses. Results No signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time‐encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te‐pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order. Conclusion Adjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te‐pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te‐pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR. Magn Reson Med 72:1712–1722, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AbstractList	In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored.PURPOSEIn this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored.First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te-pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1-decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses.METHODSFirst, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te-pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1-decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses.No signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time-encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te-pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order.RESULTSNo signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time-encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te-pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order.Adjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te-pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te-pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR.CONCLUSIONAdjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te-pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te-pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR. In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored. First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te-pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1-decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses. No signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time-encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te-pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order. Adjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te-pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te-pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR. Purpose In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te‐pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored. Methods First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te‐pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1‐decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses. Results No signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time‐encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te‐pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order. Conclusion Adjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te‐pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te‐pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR. Magn Reson Med 72:1712–1722, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Purpose In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored. Methods First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te-pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1-decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses. Results No signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time-encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te-pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order. Conclusion Adjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te-pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te-pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR. Magn Reson Med 72:1712-1722, 2014. copyright 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Purpose In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra degree of freedom delivered by changing block durations is explored. Methods First, the minimal duration of encoding blocks, the influence of cardiac triggering, and the effect of dividing the labeling period into blocks are evaluated. Two new strategies for timing the encoding blocks in te-pCASL are introduced: variable block duration to compensate for T1-decay and the free lunch approach that uses the postlabeling delay time that is idle in standard pCASL to acquire arterial transit time (ATT) information. Simulations are used to probe possible signal losses. Results No signal loss was found when dividing the labeling period into blocks with duration >50 ms. In time-encoded perfusion imaging, no cardiac triggering is required. Summation of results for individual blocks in te-pCASL postprocessing causes severe loss of temporal SNR. Quality of cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was not affected by the encoding line order. Conclusion Adjusting the timing of encoding blocks in te-pCASL allows for tailoring the acquisition to specific applications. With the free lunch setup, te-pCASL delivers CBF and high resolution ATT maps within a single scan, with a small penalty in tSNR. Magn Reson Med 72:1712-1722, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Author	Schmid, Sophie Teeuwisse, Wouter M. Ghariq, Eidrees Veer, Ilya M. van Osch, Matthias J.P.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Wouter M. surname: Teeuwisse fullname: Teeuwisse, Wouter M. email: w.m.teeuwisse@lumc.nl organization: C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: Sophie surname: Schmid fullname: Schmid, Sophie organization: C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: Eidrees surname: Ghariq fullname: Ghariq, Eidrees organization: C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: Ilya M. surname: Veer fullname: Veer, Ilya M. organization: Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands – sequence: 5 givenname: Matthias J.P. surname: van Osch fullname: van Osch, Matthias J.P. organization: C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Keywords	Hadamard encoded magnetic resonance imaging time encoded arterial spin labeling arterial transit time
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References_xml	– reference: Ordidge RJ, Wylezinska M, Hugg JW, Butterworth E, Franconi F. Frequency offset corrected inversion (FOCI) pulses for use in localized spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1996;36:562-566. – reference: Hendrikse J, Petersen ET, van Laar PJ, Golay X. Cerebral border zones between distal end branches of intracranial arteries: MR imaging. Radiology 2008;246:572-580. – reference: Dai W, Shankaranarayanan A, Alsop DC. Volumetric measurement of perfusion and arterial transit delay using hadamard encoded continuous arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2013;69:1014-1022. – reference: Chalela JA, Alsop DC, Gonzalez-Atavales JB, Maldjian JA, Kasner SE, Detre JA. Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke using continuous arterial spin labeling. Stroke 2000;31:680-687. – reference: Chappell MA, Woolrich MW, Kazan S, Jezzard P, Payne SJ, MacIntosh BJ. Modeling dispersion in arterial spin labeling: validation using dynamic angiographic measurements. Magn Reson Med 2013;69:563-570. – reference: Wu W-C, St Lawrence KS, Licht DJ, Wang DJJ. Quantification issues in arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2010;21:65-73. – reference: Petersen ET, Mouridsen K, Golay X. The QUASAR reproducibility study, Part II. Results from a multi-center arterial spin labeling test-retest study. Neuroimage 2010;49:104-113. – reference: Mak HKF, Chan Q, Zhang Z, Petersen ET, Qiu D, Zhang L, Yau KKW, Chu L-W, Golay X. Quantitative assessment of cerebral hemodynamic parameters by QUASAR arterial spin labeling in Alzheimer's disease and cognitively normal elderly adults at 3-Tesla. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;31:33-44. – reference: Wu W-C, Fernandez-Seara M, Detre JA, Wehrli FW, Wang J. A theoretical and experimental investigation of the tagging efficiency of pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2007;58:1020-1027. – reference: Wells JA, Lythgoe MF, Gadian DG, Ordidge RJ, Thomas DL. In vivo hadamard encoded continuous arterial spin labeling (H-CASL). Magn Reson Med 2010;63:1111-1118. – reference: Ogg RJ, Kingsley PB, Taylor JS. WET, a T1- and B1-insensitive water-suppression method for in vivo localized 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson B 1994;104:1-10. – reference: Hrabe J, Lewis DP. Two analytical solutions for a model of pulsed arterial spin labeling with randomized blood arrival times. J Magn Reson 2004;167:49-55. – reference: MacIntosh BJ, Filippini N, Chappell MA, Woolrich MW, Mackay CE, Jezzard P. Assessment of arterial arrival times derived from multiple inversion time pulsed arterial spin labeling MRI. Magn Reson Med 2010;63:641-647. – reference: Golay X, Petersen ET, Hui F. Pulsed star labeling of arterial regions (PULSAR): a robust regional perfusion technique for high field imaging. Magn Reson Med 2005;53:15-21. – reference: Uchihashi Y, Hosoda K, Zimine I, Fujita A, Fujii M, Sugimura K, Kohmura E. Clinical application of arterial spin-labeling MR imaging in patients with carotid stenosis: quantitative comparative study with single-photon emission CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1545-1551. – reference: Alsop DC, Detre JA. Reduced transit-time sensitivity in noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of human cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996;16:1236-1249. – reference: Dai W, Garcia D, de Bazelaire C, Alsop DC. Continuous flow-driven inversion for arterial spin labeling using pulsed radio frequency and gradient fields. Magn Reson Med 2008;60:1488-1497. – reference: Van Osch MJP, Teeuwisse WM, van Walderveen MAA, Hendrikse J, Kies DA, van Buchem MA. Can arterial spin labeling detect white matter perfusion signal? Magn Reson Med 2009;62:165-173. – reference: Dai W, Robson PM, Shankaranarayanan A, Alsop DC. Reduced resolution transit delay prescan for quantitative continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med 2012;67:1252-1265. – reference: Petersen ET, Lim T, Golay X. Model-free arterial spin labeling quantification approach for perfusion MRI. Magn Reson Med 2006;55:219-232. – reference: Okell TW, Chappell MA, Schulz UG, Jezzard P. A kinetic model for vessel-encoded dynamic angiography with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 2012;68:969-979. – reference: Lu H, Clingman C, Golay X, van Zijl PCM. Determining the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of blood at 3.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2004;52:679-682. – volume: 52 start-page: 679 year: 2004 end-page: 682 article-title: Determining the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of blood at 3.0 Tesla publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 63 start-page: 1111 year: 2010 end-page: 1118 article-title: In vivo hadamard encoded continuous arterial spin labeling (H‐CASL) publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 68 start-page: 969 year: 2012 end-page: 979 article-title: A kinetic model for vessel‐encoded dynamic angiography with arterial spin labeling publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 58 start-page: 1020 year: 2007 end-page: 1027 article-title: A theoretical and experimental investigation of the tagging efficiency of pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 31 start-page: 680 year: 2000 end-page: 687 article-title: Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke using continuous arterial spin labeling publication-title: Stroke – volume: 31 start-page: 33 year: 2012 end-page: 44 article-title: Quantitative assessment of cerebral hemodynamic parameters by QUASAR arterial spin labeling in Alzheimer's disease and cognitively normal elderly adults at 3‐Tesla publication-title: J Alzheimers Dis – volume: 16 start-page: 1236 year: 1996 end-page: 1249 article-title: Reduced transit‐time sensitivity in noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging of human cerebral blood flow publication-title: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab – volume: 55 start-page: 219 year: 2006 end-page: 232 article-title: Model‐free arterial spin labeling quantification approach for perfusion MRI publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 36 start-page: 562 year: 1996 end-page: 566 article-title: Frequency offset corrected inversion (FOCI) pulses for use in localized spectroscopy publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 60 start-page: 1488 year: 2008 end-page: 1497 article-title: Continuous flow‐driven inversion for arterial spin labeling using pulsed radio frequency and gradient fields publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 167 start-page: 49 year: 2004 end-page: 55 article-title: Two analytical solutions for a model of pulsed arterial spin labeling with randomized blood arrival times publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 49 start-page: 104 year: 2010 end-page: 113 article-title: The QUASAR reproducibility study, Part II. Results from a multi‐center arterial spin labeling test‐retest study publication-title: Neuroimage – volume: 69 start-page: 563 year: 2013 end-page: 570 article-title: Modeling dispersion in arterial spin labeling: validation using dynamic angiographic measurements publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 62 start-page: 165 year: 2009 end-page: 173 article-title: Can arterial spin labeling detect white matter perfusion signal? publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 246 start-page: 572 year: 2008 end-page: 580 article-title: Cerebral border zones between distal end branches of intracranial arteries: MR imaging publication-title: Radiology – volume: 53 start-page: 15 year: 2005 end-page: 21 article-title: Pulsed star labeling of arterial regions (PULSAR): a robust regional perfusion technique for high field imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 32 start-page: 1545 year: 2011 end-page: 1551 article-title: Clinical application of arterial spin‐labeling MR imaging in patients with carotid stenosis: quantitative comparative study with single‐photon emission CT publication-title: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol – volume: 69 start-page: 1014 year: 2013 end-page: 1022 article-title: Volumetric measurement of perfusion and arterial transit delay using hadamard encoded continuous arterial spin labeling publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 104 start-page: 1 year: 1994 end-page: 10 article-title: WET, a T1‐ and B1‐insensitive water‐suppression method for in vivo localized 1H NMR spectroscopy publication-title: J Magn Reson B – volume: 67 start-page: 1252 year: 2012 end-page: 1265 article-title: Reduced resolution transit delay prescan for quantitative continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 63 start-page: 641 year: 2010 end-page: 647 article-title: Assessment of arterial arrival times derived from multiple inversion time pulsed arterial spin labeling MRI publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 21 start-page: 65 year: 2010 end-page: 73 article-title: Quantification issues in arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging publication-title: Top Magn Reson Imaging – ident: e_1_2_5_17_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.22002 – ident: e_1_2_5_24_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.24260 – ident: e_1_2_5_2_1 doi: 10.1097/RMR.0b013e31821e570a – ident: e_1_2_5_23_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.23311 – ident: e_1_2_5_3_1 doi: 10.1097/00004647-199611000-00019 – ident: e_1_2_5_15_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.20784 – ident: e_1_2_5_18_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.22256 – ident: e_1_2_5_21_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jmr.2003.11.002 – ident: e_1_2_5_25_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.23103 – ident: e_1_2_5_20_1 doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A2525 – ident: e_1_2_5_10_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.21403 – ident: e_1_2_5_6_1 – ident: e_1_2_5_13_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.20338 – ident: e_1_2_5_12_1 doi: 10.1006/jmrb.1994.1048 – ident: e_1_2_5_4_1 doi: 10.1148/radiol.2461062100 – ident: e_1_2_5_16_1 doi: 10.1161/01.STR.31.3.680 – ident: e_1_2_5_19_1 doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-111877 – ident: e_1_2_5_22_1 – ident: e_1_2_5_7_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.22266 – ident: e_1_2_5_9_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.21790 – ident: e_1_2_5_14_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910360410 – ident: e_1_2_5_8_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.24335 – ident: e_1_2_5_11_1 doi: 10.1002/mrm.20178 – ident: e_1_2_5_5_1 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.068
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Snippet	Purpose In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te‐pCASL) are investigated. Also, the... In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the extra... Purpose In this study, the basic properties and requirements of time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (te-pCASL) are investigated. Also, the...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Algorithms arterial spin labeling arterial transit time Blood Flow Velocity - physiology Coronary Circulation - physiology Coronary Vessels - anatomy & histology Coronary Vessels - physiology Female Hadamard encoded Humans Image Enhancement - methods Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods magnetic resonance imaging Male Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted Spin Labels time encoded
Title	Time-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling: Basic properties and timing strategies for human applications
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