Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition

Summary In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils,...

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Published in:Contact dermatitis Vol. 75; no. 3; pp. 129 - 143
Main Authors: de Groot, Anton C., Schmidt, Erich
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2016
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:
allergic contact dermatitis
Allergies
antimicrobial
aromatherapy
chemical composition
contact allergy
Cosmetics
Cyclohexanols - adverse effects
Cyclohexenes - adverse effects
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact - etiology
essential oil
Humans
Melaleuca
Melaleuca alternifolia
Menthol - adverse effects
Menthol - analogs & derivatives
Monoterpenes - adverse effects
Oils & fats
Patch Tests
Peroxides - adverse effects
tea tree oil
Tea Tree Oil - adverse effects
Tea Tree Oil - chemistry
Terpenes - adverse effects
contact allergy
antimicrobial
tea tree oil
aromatherapy
allergic contact dermatitis
Melaleuca alternifolia
essential oil
chemical composition
ISSN:0105-1873, 1600-0536, 1600-0536
Online Access:Get full text
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Abstract Summary In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen‐4‐ol, γ‐terpinene, 1,8‐cineole, α‐terpinene, α‐terpineol, p‐cymene, and α‐pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, α‐terpinene, 1,2,4‐trihydroxymenthane, α‐phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co‐reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae, colophonium, and other essential oils.
AbstractList In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, p-cymene, and α-pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, α-terpinene, 1,2,4-trihydroxymenthane, α-phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co-reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae, colophonium, and other essential oils.
In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen-4-ol, [gamma]-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, [alpha]-terpinene, [alpha]-terpineol, p- cymene, and [alpha]-pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, [alpha]-terpinene, 1,2,4-trihydroxymenthane, [alpha]-phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co-reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae , colophonium, and other essential oils.
In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil ( TTO ) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen‐4‐ol, γ‐terpinene, 1,8‐cineole, α‐terpinene, α‐terpineol, p‐ cymene, and α‐pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, α‐terpinene, 1,2,4‐trihydroxymenthane, α‐phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO . Co‐reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I , M yroxylon pereirae , colophonium, and other essential oils.
Summary In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen‐4‐ol, γ‐terpinene, 1,8‐cineole, α‐terpinene, α‐terpineol, p‐cymene, and α‐pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, α‐terpinene, 1,2,4‐trihydroxymenthane, α‐phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co‐reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae, colophonium, and other essential oils.
In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, p-cymene, and α-pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, α-terpinene, 1,2,4-trihydroxymenthane, α-phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co-reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae, colophonium, and other essential oils.In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, p-cymene, and α-pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, α-terpinene, 1,2,4-trihydroxymenthane, α-phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co-reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae, colophonium, and other essential oils.
Summary In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen-4-ol, [gamma]-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, [alpha]-terpinene, [alpha]-terpineol, p-cymene, and [alpha]-pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, [alpha]-terpinene, 1,2,4-trihydroxymenthane, [alpha]-phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co-reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae, colophonium, and other essential oils.
Author Schmidt, Erich
de Groot, Anton C.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Anton C.
  surname: de Groot
  fullname: de Groot, Anton C.
  email: antondegroot@planet.nl
  organization: Acdegroot Publishing, 8351 HV, Wapserveen, The Netherlands
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Erich
  surname: Schmidt
  fullname: Schmidt, Erich
  organization: 86720, Nördlingen, Germany
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27173437$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 3
Keywords contact allergy
antimicrobial
tea tree oil
aromatherapy
allergic contact dermatitis
Melaleuca alternifolia
essential oil
chemical composition
Language English
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2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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PublicationTitle Contact dermatitis
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de Groot A C. Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Contact Dermatitis 1996: 35: 304-305.
Aspres N, Freeman S. Predictive testing for irritancy and allergenicity of tea tree oil in normal human subjects. Exogen Dermatol 2003: 2: 258-261.
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Rutherford T, Nixon R, Tam M, Tate B. Allergy to tea tree oil: retrospective review of 41 cases with positive patch tests over 4.5 years. Australas J Dermatol 2007: 48: 83-87.
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References_xml – reference: Hausen B M. Evaluation of the main contact allergens in oxidized tea tree oil. Dermatitis 2004: 15: 213-214.
– reference: Varma S, Blackford S, Statham B N, Blackwell A. Combined contact allergy to tea tree oil and lavender oil complicating chronic vulvovaginitis. Contact Dermatitis 2000: 42: 309-310.
– reference: Selvaag E, Holm J, Thune P. Allergic contact dermatitis in an aromatherapist with multiple sensitizations to essential oils. Contact Dermatitis 1995: 33: 354-355.
– reference: Corazza M, Borghi A, Gallo R et al. Topical botanically derived products: use, skin reactions, and usefulness of patch tests. A multicentre Italian study. Contact Dermatitis 2014: 70: 90-97.
– reference: Khanna M, Qasem K, Sasseville D. Allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil with erythema multiforme-like Id reaction. Dermatitis 2000: 11: 238-242.
– reference: Apted J H. Contact dermatitis associated with the use of tea-tree oil. Australas J Dermatol 1991: 32: 177.
– reference: van der Valk P G, de Groot A C, Bruynzeel D P et al. Allergic contact eczema due to tea tree oil. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1994: 138: 823-825 (article in Dutch).
– reference: Homer L E, Leach D N, Lea D et al. Natural variation in the essential oil content of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Myrtaceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 2000: 28: 367-382.
– reference: Kränke B. Allergisierende Potenz von Teebaumöl. Hautarzt 1997: 48: 203-204.
– reference: Knight T E, Hausen B M. Melaleuca oil (tea-tree oil) dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994: 30: 423-427.
– reference: Rutherford T, Nixon R, Tam M, Tate B. Allergy to tea tree oil: retrospective review of 41 cases with positive patch tests over 4.5 years. Australas J Dermatol 2007: 48: 83-87.
– reference: Hausen B M. 'Wundermittel' mit Tücken: Teebaumöl. Ärzt Prax Dermatol 1999: 27: 9-10.
– reference: Nardelli A, D'Hooge E, Drieghe J et al. Allergic contact dermatitis from fragrance components in specific topical pharmaceutical products in Belgium. Contact Dermatitis 2009: 60: 303-313.
– reference: Milchard M J, Clery R, Esdale R et al. Application of gas-liquid chromatography to the analysis of essential oils. Perfum Flavor 2010: 35(5): 34-42.
– reference: Christoffers W A, Blömeke B, Coenraads P-J, Schuttelaar M-L A. Co-sensitization to ascaridole and tea tree oil. Contact Dermatitis 2013: 69: 189-187.
– reference: de Groot A C. Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Contact Dermatitis 1996: 35: 304-305.
– reference: de Groot A C, Schmidt E. Essential Oils: Contact Allergy and Cemical Ccomposition: Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press and Taylor and Francis, 2016 (ISBN 9781482246407) (expected publication date: June 2, 2016).
– reference: Belsito D V, Fowler J F Jr, Sasseville D et al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to fragrance materials in a select North American population. Dermatitis 2006: 17: 23-28.
– reference: Santesteban Muruzábal R, Hervella Garcés M, Larrea García M et al. Secondary effects of topical application of an essential oil. Allergic contact dermatitis due to tea tree oil. An Sist Sanit Navar 2015: 38: 163-167 (article in Spanish).
– reference: Williams J D, Nixon R L, Lee A. Recurrent allergic contact dermatitis due to allergen transfer by sunglasses. Contact Dermatitis 2007: 57: 120-121.
– reference: Thomson K F, Wilkinson S M. Allergic contact dermatitis to plant extracts in patients with cosmetic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2000: 142: 84-88.
– reference: Lawless J. The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, 2nd edition: London, Harper Thorsons, 2014.
– reference: Sciarrone D, Ragonese C, Carnovale C et al. Evaluation of tea tree oil quality and ascaridole: a deep study by means of chiral and multi heart-cuts multidimensional gas chromatography system coupled to mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2010: 1217: 6422-6427.
– reference: Tranchida P Q, Shellie R A, Purcaro G et al. Analysis of fresh and aged tea tree essential oils by using GCxGCC-qMS. J Chromatogr Sci 2010: 48: 262-266.
– reference: Hausen B M, Reichling J, Harkenthal M. Degradation products of monoterpenes are the sensitizing agents in tea tree oil. Am J Cont Derm 1999: 10: 68-77.
– reference: Zug K A, Warshaw E M, Fowler J F Jr et al. Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006. Dermatitis 2009: 20: 149-160.
– reference: Aspres N, Freeman S. Predictive testing for irritancy and allergenicity of tea tree oil in normal human subjects. Exogen Dermatol 2003: 2: 258-261.
– reference: Almeida Barbosa L C, Silva C J, Teixeira R R et al. Chemistry and biological activities of essential oils from Melaleuca L. species. Agric Conspec Sci 2013: 78: 11-23.
– reference: Harkenthal M, Reichling J, Geiss H K, Saller R. Oxidationsprodukte als mögliche Ursache von Kontaktdermati-tiden. Pharmazeut Z 1998: 47: 4092.
– reference: de Groot A C, Weijland J W. Systemic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Contact Dermatitis 1992: 27: 279-280.
– reference: Carson C F, Riley T V. Safety, efficacy and provenance of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil. Contact Dermatitis 2001: 45: 65-67.
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Snippet Summary In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many...
In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil ( TTO ) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin...
In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin...
Summary In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many...
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StartPage 129
SubjectTerms allergic contact dermatitis
Allergies
antimicrobial
aromatherapy
chemical composition
contact allergy
Cosmetics
Cyclohexanols - adverse effects
Cyclohexenes - adverse effects
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact - etiology
essential oil
Humans
Melaleuca
Melaleuca alternifolia
Menthol - adverse effects
Menthol - analogs & derivatives
Monoterpenes - adverse effects
Oils & fats
Patch Tests
Peroxides - adverse effects
tea tree oil
Tea Tree Oil - adverse effects
Tea Tree Oil - chemistry
Terpenes - adverse effects
Title Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-FCJ0MJTD-K/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fcod.12591
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27173437
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1807976254
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1808607011
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1811885613
Volume 75
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