The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in German: An overview and initial validation

Life stress is a key determinant of poor mental and physical health, but until recently no instrument existed for efficiently assessing cumulative stress exposure and severity across the entire lifespan. The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) is an online, interview-based stress assessment syst...

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Published in:	PloS one Vol. 14; no. 5; p. e0216419
Main Authors:	Sturmbauer, Sarah C., Shields, Grant S., Hetzel, Eva-Luca, Rohleder, Nicolas, Slavich, George M.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 09.05.2019 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Adults Aged Aged, 80 and over Analysis Anxiety Biological stress Biology and Life Sciences Care and treatment Child development Depression Exposure Female Germany Health Health psychology Humans Internet Interviews Life span Life span (Biology) Male Medicine and Health Sciences Memory Men Mental depression Mental disorders Mental health Middle Aged Neurosis On-line systems People and Places Personality Psychological aspects Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Signs and symptoms Social Sciences Strain Stress Stress (physiology) Stress (Psychology) Stress, Psychological Surveys and Questionnaires Teenagers Translation (Languages) Translations Women Germany United States > US California
ISSN:	1932-6203, 1932-6203
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Abstract	Life stress is a key determinant of poor mental and physical health, but until recently no instrument existed for efficiently assessing cumulative stress exposure and severity across the entire lifespan. The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) is an online, interview-based stress assessment system that was developed to address this need. We examined the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of a German translation of the STRAIN by administering the instrument, along with several other measures of stress and health, to 298 adults (81 men, 217 women, Mage = 30.3 years). The German STRAIN demonstrated excellent concurrent validity, as evidenced by associations with other instruments assessing early adversity (\|rs\|≥.62, ps≤.001). It also correlated with instruments assessing recent life event exposure in adulthood (\|rs\|≥.48, ps≤.001), as well as recent perceived stress (\|rs\|≥ .25, ps≤.001) and recent chronic stress levels (\|rs\|≥ .19, ps≤.001). Additionally, the German STRAIN showed strong predictive validity in relation to anxiety symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .22, ps≤.001) and depressive symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .33, ps≤.001). Finally, the German STRAIN showed good discriminant validity, with lifetime stressor count being unrelated to personality features like neuroticism. These results demonstrate that the German version of the STRAIN is a valid tool for assessing lifetime stress exposure and severity. Additional research is needed to examine how the German STRAIN predicts psychological and biological stress reactivity and physical health outcomes.
AbstractList	Life stress is a key determinant of poor mental and physical health, but until recently no instrument existed for efficiently assessing cumulative stress exposure and severity across the entire lifespan. The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) is an online, interview-based stress assessment system that was developed to address this need. We examined the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of a German translation of the STRAIN by administering the instrument, along with several other measures of stress and health, to 298 adults (81 men, 217 women, Mage = 30.3 years). The German STRAIN demonstrated excellent concurrent validity, as evidenced by associations with other instruments assessing early adversity (\|rs\|≥.62, ps≤.001). It also correlated with instruments assessing recent life event exposure in adulthood (\|rs\|≥.48, ps≤.001), as well as recent perceived stress (\|rs\|≥ .25, ps≤.001) and recent chronic stress levels (\|rs\|≥ .19, ps≤.001). Additionally, the German STRAIN showed strong predictive validity in relation to anxiety symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .22, ps≤.001) and depressive symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .33, ps≤.001). Finally, the German STRAIN showed good discriminant validity, with lifetime stressor count being unrelated to personality features like neuroticism. These results demonstrate that the German version of the STRAIN is a valid tool for assessing lifetime stress exposure and severity. Additional research is needed to examine how the German STRAIN predicts psychological and biological stress reactivity and physical health outcomes. Life stress is a key determinant of poor mental and physical health, but until recently no instrument existed for efficiently assessing cumulative stress exposure and severity across the entire lifespan. The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) is an online, interview-based stress assessment system that was developed to address this need. We examined the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of a German translation of the STRAIN by administering the instrument, along with several other measures of stress and health, to 298 adults (81 men, 217 women, M.sub.age = 30.3 years). The German STRAIN demonstrated excellent concurrent validity, as evidenced by associations with other instruments assessing early adversity (\|rs\|[greater than or equal to].62, ps[less than or equal to].001). It also correlated with instruments assessing recent life event exposure in adulthood (\|rs\|[greater than or equal to].48, ps[less than or equal to].001), as well as recent perceived stress (\|rs\|[greater than or equal to] .25, ps[less than or equal to].001) and recent chronic stress levels (\|rs\|[greater than or equal to] .19, ps[less than or equal to].001). Additionally, the German STRAIN showed strong predictive validity in relation to anxiety symptoms (\|rs\|[greater than or equal to] .22, ps[less than or equal to].001) and depressive symptoms (\|rs\|[greater than or equal to] .33, ps[less than or equal to].001). Finally, the German STRAIN showed good discriminant validity, with lifetime stressor count being unrelated to personality features like neuroticism. These results demonstrate that the German version of the STRAIN is a valid tool for assessing lifetime stress exposure and severity. Additional research is needed to examine how the German STRAIN predicts psychological and biological stress reactivity and physical health outcomes. Life stress is a key determinant of poor mental and physical health, but until recently no instrument existed for efficiently assessing cumulative stress exposure and severity across the entire lifespan. The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) is an online, interview-based stress assessment system that was developed to address this need. We examined the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of a German translation of the STRAIN by administering the instrument, along with several other measures of stress and health, to 298 adults (81 men, 217 women, Mage = 30.3 years). The German STRAIN demonstrated excellent concurrent validity, as evidenced by associations with other instruments assessing early adversity (\|rs\|≥.62, ps≤.001). It also correlated with instruments assessing recent life event exposure in adulthood (\|rs\|≥.48, ps≤.001), as well as recent perceived stress (\|rs\|≥ .25, ps≤.001) and recent chronic stress levels (\|rs\|≥ .19, ps≤.001). Additionally, the German STRAIN showed strong predictive validity in relation to anxiety symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .22, ps≤.001) and depressive symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .33, ps≤.001). Finally, the German STRAIN showed good discriminant validity, with lifetime stressor count being unrelated to personality features like neuroticism. These results demonstrate that the German version of the STRAIN is a valid tool for assessing lifetime stress exposure and severity. Additional research is needed to examine how the German STRAIN predicts psychological and biological stress reactivity and physical health outcomes.Life stress is a key determinant of poor mental and physical health, but until recently no instrument existed for efficiently assessing cumulative stress exposure and severity across the entire lifespan. The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) is an online, interview-based stress assessment system that was developed to address this need. We examined the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of a German translation of the STRAIN by administering the instrument, along with several other measures of stress and health, to 298 adults (81 men, 217 women, Mage = 30.3 years). The German STRAIN demonstrated excellent concurrent validity, as evidenced by associations with other instruments assessing early adversity (\|rs\|≥.62, ps≤.001). It also correlated with instruments assessing recent life event exposure in adulthood (\|rs\|≥.48, ps≤.001), as well as recent perceived stress (\|rs\|≥ .25, ps≤.001) and recent chronic stress levels (\|rs\|≥ .19, ps≤.001). Additionally, the German STRAIN showed strong predictive validity in relation to anxiety symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .22, ps≤.001) and depressive symptoms (\|rs\|≥ .33, ps≤.001). Finally, the German STRAIN showed good discriminant validity, with lifetime stressor count being unrelated to personality features like neuroticism. These results demonstrate that the German version of the STRAIN is a valid tool for assessing lifetime stress exposure and severity. Additional research is needed to examine how the German STRAIN predicts psychological and biological stress reactivity and physical health outcomes.
Audience	Academic
Author	Shields, Grant S. Hetzel, Eva-Luca Rohleder, Nicolas Sturmbauer, Sarah C. Slavich, George M.
AuthorAffiliation	1 Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany 2 Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America Chiba Daigaku, JAPAN 3 Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany – name: 3 Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America – name: 2 Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America – name: Chiba Daigaku, JAPAN
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Sarah C. orcidid: 0000-0002-8687-9663 surname: Sturmbauer fullname: Sturmbauer, Sarah C. – sequence: 2 givenname: Grant S. surname: Shields fullname: Shields, Grant S. – sequence: 3 givenname: Eva-Luca surname: Hetzel fullname: Hetzel, Eva-Luca – sequence: 4 givenname: Nicolas surname: Rohleder fullname: Rohleder, Nicolas – sequence: 5 givenname: George M. orcidid: 0000-0001-5710-3818 surname: Slavich fullname: Slavich, George M.
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31071135$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Adults Aged Aged, 80 and over Analysis Anxiety Biological stress Biology and Life Sciences Care and treatment Child development Depression Exposure Female Germany Health Health psychology Humans Internet Interviews Life span Life span (Biology) Male Medicine and Health Sciences Memory Men Mental depression Mental disorders Mental health Middle Aged Neurosis On-line systems People and Places Personality Psychological aspects Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Signs and symptoms Social Sciences Strain Stress Stress (physiology) Stress (Psychology) Stress, Psychological Surveys and Questionnaires Teenagers Translation (Languages) Translations Women
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Title	The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in German: An overview and initial validation
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