Evaluation of sampling methods for Bacillus spore-contaminated HVAC filters

The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air...

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Vydáno v:	Journal of microbiological methods Ročník 96; s. 1 - 5
Hlavní autoři:	Calfee, M. Worth, Rose, Laura J., Tufts, Jenia, Morse, Stephen, Clayton, Matt, Touati, Abderrahmane, Griffin-Gatchalian, Nicole, Slone, Christina, McSweeney, Neal
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.01.2014
Témata:	air conditioning Air Filters - microbiology analysis of variance Anthrax Bacillus - isolation & purification Bacillus anthracis Bacillus atrophaeus Bacteriological Techniques - methods biological agent bioterror dust filters heat HVAC sampling residential housing sampling Specimen Handling - methods spores Spores, Bacterial - isolation & purification Bacillus anthracis biological agent bioterror Anthrax HVAC sampling
ISSN:	0167-7012, 1872-8359, 1872-8359
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Abstract	The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. Electrostatic and mechanical HVAC filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of their total holding capacity. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA across material types, presence or absence of dust, and sampling device. The extraction method gave higher relative recoveries than the two vacuum methods evaluated (p≤0.001). On average, recoveries obtained by the vacuum methods were about 30% of those achieved by the extraction method. Relative recoveries between the two vacuum methods were not significantly different (p>0.05). Although extraction methods yielded higher recoveries than vacuum methods, either HVAC filter sampling approach may provide a rapid and inexpensive mechanism for understanding the extent of contamination following a wide-area biological release incident. •Spore recovery from neat and dust-loaded HVAC filters was determined.•Vacuum- and extraction-based methods were compared.•Neither the filter type nor the presence of dust significantly affected recovery.•Recoveries by vacuum methods were typically 30% of those by extraction.•Results may guide selection of sampling methods following a biological incident.
AbstractList	The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37 mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. Electrostatic and mechanical HVAC filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of their total holding capacity. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA across material types, presence or absence of dust, and sampling device. The extraction method gave higher relative recoveries than the two vacuum methods evaluated (p ≤ 0.001). On average, recoveries obtained by the vacuum methods were about 30% of those achieved by the extraction method. Relative recoveries between the two vacuum methods were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Although extraction methods yielded higher recoveries than vacuum methods, either HVAC filter sampling approach may provide a rapid and inexpensive mechanism for understanding the extent of contamination following a wide-area biological release incident. The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. Electrostatic and mechanical HVAC filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of their total holding capacity. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA across material types, presence or absence of dust, and sampling device. The extraction method gave higher relative recoveries than the two vacuum methods evaluated (p≤0.001). On average, recoveries obtained by the vacuum methods were about 30% of those achieved by the extraction method. Relative recoveries between the two vacuum methods were not significantly different (p>0.05). Although extraction methods yielded higher recoveries than vacuum methods, either HVAC filter sampling approach may provide a rapid and inexpensive mechanism for understanding the extent of contamination following a wide-area biological release incident. The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. Electrostatic and mechanical HVAC filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of their total holding capacity. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA across material types, presence or absence of dust, and sampling device. The extraction method gave higher relative recoveries than the two vacuum methods evaluated (p≤0.001). On average, recoveries obtained by the vacuum methods were about 30% of those achieved by the extraction method. Relative recoveries between the two vacuum methods were not significantly different (p>0.05). Although extraction methods yielded higher recoveries than vacuum methods, either HVAC filter sampling approach may provide a rapid and inexpensive mechanism for understanding the extent of contamination following a wide-area biological release incident. •Spore recovery from neat and dust-loaded HVAC filters was determined.•Vacuum- and extraction-based methods were compared.•Neither the filter type nor the presence of dust significantly affected recovery.•Recoveries by vacuum methods were typically 30% of those by extraction.•Results may guide selection of sampling methods following a biological incident. The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. Electrostatic and mechanical HVAC filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of their total holding capacity. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA across material types, presence or absence of dust, and sampling device. The extraction method gave higher relative recoveries than the two vacuum methods evaluated (p less than or equal to 0.001). On average, recoveries obtained by the vacuum methods were about 30% of those achieved by the extraction method. Relative recoveries between the two vacuum methods were not significantly different (p >0.05). Although extraction methods yielded higher recoveries than vacuum methods, either HVAC filter sampling approach may provide a rapid and inexpensive mechanism for understanding the extent of contamination following a wide-area biological release incident. The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. Electrostatic and mechanical HVAC filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of their total holding capacity. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA across material types, presence or absence of dust, and sampling device. The extraction method gave higher relative recoveries than the two vacuum methods evaluated (p≤0.001). On average, recoveries obtained by the vacuum methods were about 30% of those achieved by the extraction method. Relative recoveries between the two vacuum methods were not significantly different (p>0.05). Although extraction methods yielded higher recoveries than vacuum methods, either HVAC filter sampling approach may provide a rapid and inexpensive mechanism for understanding the extent of contamination following a wide-area biological release incident.The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with regards to their ability to recover Bacillus atrophaeus spores (surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) from pleated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters that are typically found in commercial and residential buildings. Electrostatic and mechanical HVAC filters were tested, both without and after loading with dust to 50% of their total holding capacity. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA across material types, presence or absence of dust, and sampling device. The extraction method gave higher relative recoveries than the two vacuum methods evaluated (p≤0.001). On average, recoveries obtained by the vacuum methods were about 30% of those achieved by the extraction method. Relative recoveries between the two vacuum methods were not significantly different (p>0.05). Although extraction methods yielded higher recoveries than vacuum methods, either HVAC filter sampling approach may provide a rapid and inexpensive mechanism for understanding the extent of contamination following a wide-area biological release incident.
Author	Clayton, Matt Morse, Stephen Touati, Abderrahmane Griffin-Gatchalian, Nicole Rose, Laura J. Slone, Christina McSweeney, Neal Calfee, M. Worth Tufts, Jenia
AuthorAffiliation	d ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Durham, NC, USA e Kultech Inc., Cary, NC, USA a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA c Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: e Kultech Inc., Cary, NC, USA – name: d ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Durham, NC, USA – name: a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA – name: c Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA – name: b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: M. Worth surname: Calfee fullname: Calfee, M. Worth email: calfee.worth@epa.gov organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Laura J. surname: Rose fullname: Rose, Laura J. organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Jenia surname: Tufts fullname: Tufts, Jenia organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Stephen surname: Morse fullname: Morse, Stephen organization: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Matt surname: Clayton fullname: Clayton, Matt organization: ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Durham, NC, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Abderrahmane surname: Touati fullname: Touati, Abderrahmane organization: ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Durham, NC, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Nicole surname: Griffin-Gatchalian fullname: Griffin-Gatchalian, Nicole organization: ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Durham, NC, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Christina surname: Slone fullname: Slone, Christina organization: Kultech Inc., Cary, NC, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Neal surname: McSweeney fullname: McSweeney, Neal organization: ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
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Snippet	The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37mm cassette filter) with... The objective of this study was to compare an extraction-based sampling method to two vacuum-based sampling methods (vacuum sock and 37 mm cassette filter)...
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SubjectTerms	air conditioning Air Filters - microbiology analysis of variance Anthrax Bacillus - isolation & purification Bacillus anthracis Bacillus atrophaeus Bacteriological Techniques - methods biological agent bioterror dust filters heat HVAC sampling residential housing sampling Specimen Handling - methods spores Spores, Bacterial - isolation & purification
Title	Evaluation of sampling methods for Bacillus spore-contaminated HVAC filters
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