Differential association of somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression and anxiety with inflammation: Findings from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)

Depression and anxiety have been suggested to be associated with systemic inflammation upregulation. However, results are not always consistent, which may be due to symptom heterogeneity of depression and anxiety. There are some indications that associations with inflammation are mainly driven by so...

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Published in:Psychoneuroendocrinology Vol. 38; no. 9; pp. 1573 - 1585
Main Authors: Duivis, Hester E., Vogelzangs, Nicole, Kupper, Nina, de Jonge, Peter, Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2013
Elsevier
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Adult and adolescent clinical studies
Aged
Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology
Anti-Inflammatory Agents - therapeutic use
Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use
Anxiety - blood
Anxiety - epidemiology
Anxiety - physiopathology
Anxiety symptoms
Behavioral psychophysiology
Biological and medical sciences
Biomarkers
Body Mass Index
C-Reactive Protein - analysis
Cognitive
Cohort study
Comorbidity
Depression
Depression - blood
Depression - epidemiology
Depression - physiopathology
Depressive symptoms
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Hormones and behavior
hsCRP
Humans
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors - therapeutic use
IL-6
Inflammation
Inflammation - blood
Inflammation - physiopathology
Inflammation - psychology
Interleukin-6 - blood
Life Style
Male
Medical sciences
Middle Aged
Mood disorders
Netherlands - epidemiology
Principal Component Analysis
Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Severity of Illness Index
Smoking - epidemiology
Socioeconomic Factors
Somatic
Symptom Assessment
TNF-α
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - blood
Young Adult
Netherlands
Europe
Somatic
Anxiety symptoms
TNF-α
Cohort study
hsCRP
Depressive symptoms
Cognitive
Inflammation
IL-6
Mood disorder
Affect affectivity
Cytokine
Depression
Cognition
Interleukin 6
Symptomatology
Anxiety
Tumor necrosis factor α
ISSN:0306-4530, 1873-3360, 1873-3360
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Depression and anxiety have been suggested to be associated with systemic inflammation upregulation. However, results are not always consistent, which may be due to symptom heterogeneity of depression and anxiety. There are some indications that associations with inflammation are mainly driven by somatic symptoms of depression and anxiety. We therefore set out to evaluate the differential association of somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression and anxiety with inflammation, while adjusting for demographic, health related, and lifestyle related variables. We evaluated baseline data from 2861 participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. For both scales somatic and cognitive symptoms scales were calculated. Baseline blood samples were collected to determine high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α. We used linear regression to analyze the associations adjusting for demographics and health indicators and markers for an unhealthy lifestyle. After adjustment for sociodemographic and health indicators, depressive symptoms were associated with higher levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. This association was mainly driven by somatic symptoms. For anxiety, somatic symptoms were associated with higher levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α, whereas cognitive anxiety symptoms were associated with CRP (men only). Markers of an unhealthy lifestyle explained the significant associations. Especially somatic symptoms of depression and anxiety are associated with inflammation. However, this association was mostly mediated through unhealthy lifestyles among depressed and anxious individuals.
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ISSN:0306-4530
1873-3360
1873-3360
DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.002