Biophysical characterization of the underappreciated and important relationship between heart rate variability and heart rate

Heart rate (HR) variability (HRV; beat-to-beat changes in the R-wave to R-wave interval) has attracted considerable attention during the past 30+ years (PubMed currently lists >17 000 publications). Clinically, a decrease in HRV is correlated to higher morbidity and mortality in diverse condition...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. 1979) Vol. 64; no. 6; p. 1334
Main Authors:	Monfredi, Oliver, Lyashkov, Alexey E, Johnsen, Anne-Berit, Inada, Shin, Schneider, Heiko, Wang, Ruoxi, Nirmalan, Mahesh, Wisloff, Ulrik, Maltsev, Victor A, Lakatta, Edward G, Zhang, Henggui, Boyett, Mark R
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States 01.12.2014
Subjects:	Animals Autonomic Nervous System - physiopathology Disease Models, Animal Electrocardiography Heart - innervation Heart - physiopathology Heart Diseases - physiopathology Heart Rate - physiology Humans Rabbits Rats physiology sinoatrial node autonomic nervous system ion channels
ISSN:	1524-4563, 1524-4563
Online Access:	Get more information
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Abstract	Heart rate (HR) variability (HRV; beat-to-beat changes in the R-wave to R-wave interval) has attracted considerable attention during the past 30+ years (PubMed currently lists >17 000 publications). Clinically, a decrease in HRV is correlated to higher morbidity and mortality in diverse conditions, from heart disease to fetal distress. It is usually attributed to fluctuation in cardiac autonomic nerve activity. We calculated HRV parameters from a variety of cardiac preparations (including humans, living animals, Langendorff-perfused heart, and single sinoatrial nodal cell) in diverse species, combining this with data from previously published articles. We show that regardless of conditions, there is a universal exponential decay-like relationship between HRV and HR. Using 2 biophysical models, we develop a theory for this and confirm that HRV is primarily dependent on HR and cannot be used in any simple way to assess autonomic nerve activity to the heart. We suggest that the correlation between a change in HRV and altered morbidity and mortality is substantially attributable to the concurrent change in HR. This calls for re-evaluation of the findings from many articles that have not adjusted properly or at all for HR differences when comparing HRV in multiple circumstances.
AbstractList	Heart rate (HR) variability (HRV; beat-to-beat changes in the R-wave to R-wave interval) has attracted considerable attention during the past 30+ years (PubMed currently lists >17 000 publications). Clinically, a decrease in HRV is correlated to higher morbidity and mortality in diverse conditions, from heart disease to fetal distress. It is usually attributed to fluctuation in cardiac autonomic nerve activity. We calculated HRV parameters from a variety of cardiac preparations (including humans, living animals, Langendorff-perfused heart, and single sinoatrial nodal cell) in diverse species, combining this with data from previously published articles. We show that regardless of conditions, there is a universal exponential decay-like relationship between HRV and HR. Using 2 biophysical models, we develop a theory for this and confirm that HRV is primarily dependent on HR and cannot be used in any simple way to assess autonomic nerve activity to the heart. We suggest that the correlation between a change in HRV and altered morbidity and mortality is substantially attributable to the concurrent change in HR. This calls for re-evaluation of the findings from many articles that have not adjusted properly or at all for HR differences when comparing HRV in multiple circumstances. Heart rate (HR) variability (HRV; beat-to-beat changes in the R-wave to R-wave interval) has attracted considerable attention during the past 30+ years (PubMed currently lists >17 000 publications). Clinically, a decrease in HRV is correlated to higher morbidity and mortality in diverse conditions, from heart disease to fetal distress. It is usually attributed to fluctuation in cardiac autonomic nerve activity. We calculated HRV parameters from a variety of cardiac preparations (including humans, living animals, Langendorff-perfused heart, and single sinoatrial nodal cell) in diverse species, combining this with data from previously published articles. We show that regardless of conditions, there is a universal exponential decay-like relationship between HRV and HR. Using 2 biophysical models, we develop a theory for this and confirm that HRV is primarily dependent on HR and cannot be used in any simple way to assess autonomic nerve activity to the heart. We suggest that the correlation between a change in HRV and altered morbidity and mortality is substantially attributable to the concurrent change in HR. This calls for re-evaluation of the findings from many articles that have not adjusted properly or at all for HR differences when comparing HRV in multiple circumstances.Heart rate (HR) variability (HRV; beat-to-beat changes in the R-wave to R-wave interval) has attracted considerable attention during the past 30+ years (PubMed currently lists >17 000 publications). Clinically, a decrease in HRV is correlated to higher morbidity and mortality in diverse conditions, from heart disease to fetal distress. It is usually attributed to fluctuation in cardiac autonomic nerve activity. We calculated HRV parameters from a variety of cardiac preparations (including humans, living animals, Langendorff-perfused heart, and single sinoatrial nodal cell) in diverse species, combining this with data from previously published articles. We show that regardless of conditions, there is a universal exponential decay-like relationship between HRV and HR. Using 2 biophysical models, we develop a theory for this and confirm that HRV is primarily dependent on HR and cannot be used in any simple way to assess autonomic nerve activity to the heart. We suggest that the correlation between a change in HRV and altered morbidity and mortality is substantially attributable to the concurrent change in HR. This calls for re-evaluation of the findings from many articles that have not adjusted properly or at all for HR differences when comparing HRV in multiple circumstances.
Author	Zhang, Henggui Inada, Shin Wisloff, Ulrik Wang, Ruoxi Monfredi, Oliver Nirmalan, Mahesh Maltsev, Victor A Lyashkov, Alexey E Boyett, Mark R Johnsen, Anne-Berit Schneider, Heiko Lakatta, Edward G
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Oliver surname: Monfredi fullname: Monfredi, Oliver email: oliver.monfredi@manchester.ac.uk organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.). oliver.monfredi@manchester.ac.uk – sequence: 2 givenname: Alexey E surname: Lyashkov fullname: Lyashkov, Alexey E organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 3 givenname: Anne-Berit surname: Johnsen fullname: Johnsen, Anne-Berit organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 4 givenname: Shin surname: Inada fullname: Inada, Shin organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 5 givenname: Heiko surname: Schneider fullname: Schneider, Heiko organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 6 givenname: Ruoxi surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Ruoxi organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 7 givenname: Mahesh surname: Nirmalan fullname: Nirmalan, Mahesh organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 8 givenname: Ulrik surname: Wisloff fullname: Wisloff, Ulrik organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 9 givenname: Victor A surname: Maltsev fullname: Maltsev, Victor A organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 10 givenname: Edward G surname: Lakatta fullname: Lakatta, Edward G organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 11 givenname: Henggui surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Henggui organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.) – sequence: 12 givenname: Mark R surname: Boyett fullname: Boyett, Mark R organization: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (O.M., H.S., M.N., M.R.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (O.M., A.E.L., V.A.M., E.G.L.); K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.-B.J., U.W.); Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Information Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (S.I.); and Biological Physics Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (R.W., H.Z.)
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25225208$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNpNkE9Lw0AQxRep2D_6FWS9eWndbHY36bGWagulFa0HT2GyOyEraRI3W6WC391QKwoD85j3e-8wfdIpqxIJuQrYKAhUcDN_eZg9bmarp8V6NZlP2qMYsTCK-QnpBZKLoZAq7PzTXdJvmlfGAiFEdEa6XPJ2WNwjX7e2qvN9YzUUVOfgQHt09hO8rUpaZdTnSHelQQd17VBb8GgolIbabV05D6WnDosD3uS2pin6D8SS5giutVqcvoOzkNrC-v0h-Wedk9MMigYvjntAnu9mm-l8uFzfL6aT5VDLOOZDbRQPVaZSlaFmkTQZCwwTmAILx8owTLky0kgZA1caQUecZyYDRAEmbcMDcv3TW7vqbYeNT7a20VgUUGK1a5JAcRkKGY5Fi14e0V26RZPUzm7B7ZPfl_FvHBF3Bg
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1161_HYPERTENSIONAHA_117_09060 crossref_primary_10_3390_e20040235 crossref_primary_10_1093_sleep_zsy181 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12911_016_0252_0 crossref_primary_10_1093_europace_euv378 crossref_primary_10_1097_ALN_0000000000004389 crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_12870 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2016_00305 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2022_867131 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_51842_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2024_120869 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13415_020_00800_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2018_01495 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2022_931219 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2023_073909 crossref_primary_10_1161_JAHA_123_032740 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_600574 crossref_primary_10_1093_cvr_cvv180 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2018_00841 crossref_primary_10_1108_IJPCC_06_2020_0067 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ctim_2019_06_011 crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCRESAHA_117_311607 crossref_primary_10_3390_e27080792 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_applanim_2021_105445 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40635_017_0146_1 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2025_1554156 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2022_3162234 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2019_00043 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2018_00756 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsycho_2017_07_005 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines13010081 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3014508 crossref_primary_10_3390_medicina57090956 crossref_primary_10_3390_e22010114 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0155445 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsx_2023_102930 crossref_primary_10_1155_2016_8483537 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tsep_2025_103246 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2017_08_010 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11357_023_00787_5 crossref_primary_10_1111_aor_12887 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12871_022_01586_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11517_017_1724_9 crossref_primary_10_1113_JP277963 crossref_primary_10_1080_00913847_2019_1568769 crossref_primary_10_1097_GME_0000000000000586 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_semarthrit_2017_11_010 crossref_primary_10_1038_ncomms15097 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2018_01063 crossref_primary_10_1177_1758155919832137 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2024_08_051 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2022_10_008 crossref_primary_10_3233_NRE_210243 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2019_00615 crossref_primary_10_1111_sms_13802 crossref_primary_10_3390_sports13080262 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_resp_2024_104313 crossref_primary_10_1111_apha_13707 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00424_022_02780_x crossref_primary_10_1111_psyp_13287 crossref_primary_10_1113_EP091594 crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_15261 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autneu_2023_103119 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_82202_7 crossref_primary_10_1177_2047487320925635 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jacep_2022_02_008 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2016_00356 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00421_020_04369_7 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0320982 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcdd3020016 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm11164771 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsycho_2017_06_003 crossref_primary_10_1080_02699052_2018_1553312 crossref_primary_10_1177_0333102421989268 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2023_1238363 crossref_primary_10_1097_GME_0000000000000568 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajg_2020_08_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yjmcc_2025_08_012 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm9041141 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291722003713 crossref_primary_10_1088_2057_1976_aa6bff crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2021_582037 crossref_primary_10_5483_BMBRep_2015_48_12_061 crossref_primary_10_1038_pr_2015_188 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bpj_2017_10_001 crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6579_aa6782 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2018_00424 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2022_839874 crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_024_06861_8 crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_023_05376_y crossref_primary_10_1093_cvr_cvad115 crossref_primary_10_1152_japplphysiol_00604_2017 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41077_025_00335_5 crossref_primary_10_1017_S000711452000519X crossref_primary_10_1111_anec_12443 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0146131 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41746_023_00975_9 crossref_primary_10_1177_2047487315623708 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0161976 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00392_022_02072_5 crossref_primary_10_1111_cpf_12551 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm13102897 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23063325 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amjcard_2016_06_032 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12872_023_03184_0 crossref_primary_10_3390_diagnostics10100833 crossref_primary_10_1093_cvr_cvab245 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2019_116072 crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6579_ad7778 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2021_612770 crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_70251 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19010566 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2017_00255 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20020941 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hrthm_2020_11_026 crossref_primary_10_1093_rheumatology_kev376 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hrthm_2021_12_005 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2023_1215710 crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_15981 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm10194386 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12872_023_03150_w crossref_primary_10_1515_ijdhd_2015_0014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpsycho_2021_03_009 crossref_primary_10_3390_s25051535 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2015_00047 crossref_primary_10_1088_2057_1976_aba132 crossref_primary_10_1134_S002209302407007X crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pbiomolbio_2021_06_008 crossref_primary_10_1152_japplphysiol_00546_2017 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2017_00109 crossref_primary_10_1152_japplphysiol_00262_2019 crossref_primary_10_2196_16654 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2021_643846 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11357_019_00126_7 crossref_primary_10_1113_JP278773 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells10082124 crossref_primary_10_3390_medicina55100700 crossref_primary_10_2147_NDT_S429592 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2019_00457 crossref_primary_10_1080_07853890_2016_1226512 crossref_primary_10_1515_jbcpp_2020_0245 crossref_primary_10_3168_jds_2019_16325 crossref_primary_10_1515_tnsci_2019_0036 crossref_primary_10_1002_hsr2_331 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hrthm_2018_08_026 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2015_00385 crossref_primary_10_4015_S101623722550005X crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2015_00028 crossref_primary_10_1038_ncomms15805 crossref_primary_10_1038_nprot_2015_139 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12938_024_01328_7 crossref_primary_10_1113_JP270256 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0299156 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2019_01632 crossref_primary_10_1152_ajpregu_00097_2024 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0157557 crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCULATIONAHA_114_011515 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2016_00501 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms24065786 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autneu_2021_102899 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2021_596832 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_017_17690_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10286_023_00993_3 crossref_primary_10_1136_oemed_2016_104067 crossref_primary_10_1002_edm2_101 crossref_primary_10_1080_14017431_2022_2079713 crossref_primary_10_1152_japplphysiol_00502_2017 crossref_primary_10_3390_e21121206 crossref_primary_10_3390_math13182955 crossref_primary_10_1111_sms_14172 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40635_018_0178_1 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2020_579346 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dld_2018_09_011 crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_14452 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12872_020_01699_4 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0215930 crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_14205 crossref_primary_10_1080_10803548_2022_2159173 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00429_021_02234_7 crossref_primary_10_1113_JP270310 crossref_primary_10_1113_JP277501 crossref_primary_10_1113_jphysiol_2014_284356 crossref_primary_10_1177_2048004020948732 crossref_primary_10_1080_17461391_2021_1994652 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10286_023_00960_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbih_2021_100299 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_autneu_2023_103082 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ebiom_2016_02_029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hrthm_2017_07_011 crossref_primary_10_1093_cvr_cvz112 crossref_primary_10_1140_epjs_s11734_022_00682_8 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsta_2020_0250 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2024_1426531 crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCRESAHA_119_316386 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_resp_2023_104096 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2023_1250727 crossref_primary_10_1111_apha_13444 crossref_primary_10_1177_1352458515604384 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compbiomed_2021_105045 crossref_primary_10_1139_apnm_2020_0510 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph191610367 crossref_primary_10_1038_tp_2016_73 crossref_primary_10_1161_HYPERTENSIONAHA_116_08053 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2018_00267 crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2021_671890 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10286_019_00616_w crossref_primary_10_14814_phy2_70478 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphys_2022_807250 crossref_primary_10_1152_japplphysiol_00607_2017 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291720002810 crossref_primary_10_1093_cercor_bhad536
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2014 American Heart Association, Inc.
Copyright_xml	– notice: 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.
DBID	CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8
DOI	10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03782
DatabaseName	Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	no_fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Medicine
EISSN	1524-4563
ExternalDocumentID	25225208
Genre	Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: British Heart Foundation grantid: RG/11/18/29257 – fundername: Intramural NIH HHS grantid: Z99 AG999999
GroupedDBID	--- .-D .3C .55 .GJ .XZ .Z2 01R 0R~ 18M 1J1 2WC 3O- 40H 4Q1 4Q2 4Q3 53G 5GY 5RE 5VS 71W 77Y 7O~ AAAAV AAAXR AAFWJ AAGIX AAHPQ AAIQE AAJCS AAMOA AAMTA AAQKA AARTV AASCR AASOK AAXQO AAYEP ABASU ABBUW ABDIG ABJNI ABOCM ABPXF ABQRW ABVCZ ABXVJ ABXYN ABZAD ABZZY ACCJW ACDDN ACEWG ACGFO ACGFS ACILI ACLDA ACWDW ACWRI ACXJB ACXNZ ACZKN ADBBV ADFPA ADGGA ADGHP ADHPY ADNKB AE3 AE6 AEBDS AEETU AENEX AFBFQ AFDTB AFEXH AFFNX AFNMH AFUWQ AGINI AHMBA AHOMT AHQNM AHQVU AHRYX AHVBC AIJEX AINUH AJCLO AJIOK AJNWD AJNYG AJZMW AKCTQ AKULP ALKUP ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALMTX AMJPA AMKUR AMNEI AOHHW AOQMC BAWUL BCGUY BOYCO BQLVK BS7 C1A C45 CGR CS3 CUY CVF DIK DIWNM DUNZO E.X E3Z EBS ECM EEVPB EIF EJD ERAAH EX3 F2K F2L F2M F2N F5P FCALG FL- FW0 GNXGY GQDEL GX1 H0~ H13 HLJTE HZ~ IKREB IKYAY IN~ IPNFZ JF9 JG8 JK3 JK8 K-A K-F K8S KD2 KMI KQ8 L-C L7B N4W N9A NPM N~7 N~B N~M O9- OAG OAH OB3 OCUKA ODA ODMTH OGROG OHYEH OK1 OL1 OLG OLH OLU OLV OLY OLZ OPUJH ORVUJ OUVQU OVD OVDNE OVIDH OVLEI OWBYB OWU OWV OWW OWX OWY OWZ OXXIT OZ- P-K P2P PQQKQ R58 RAH RIG RLZ S4R S4S T8P TEORI TR2 TSPGW V2I VVN W3M W8F WH7 WOQ WOW X3V X3W X7M XXN XYM YFH YHZ YOC YYM YYP ZFV ZGI ZZMQN 7X8 ADKSD
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c5882-cd6236f6b6fec075df01d04eba0396d0eb26d5d558a26ceac722fdfaee4adbd62
IEDL.DBID	7X8
ISICitedReferencesCount	250
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000345129900034&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	1524-4563
IngestDate	Mon Sep 08 17:49:27 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 06:02:55 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	false
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	6
Keywords	physiology sinoatrial node autonomic nervous system ion channels
Language	English
License	2014 American Heart Association, Inc.
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c5882-cd6236f6b6fec075df01d04eba0396d0eb26d5d558a26ceac722fdfaee4adbd62
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
OpenAccessLink	https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03782
PMID	25225208
PQID	1625345394
PQPubID	23479
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_1625345394 pubmed_primary_25225208
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2014-December
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2014-12-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 12 year: 2014 text: 2014-December
PublicationDecade	2010
PublicationPlace	United States
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: United States
PublicationTitle	Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. 1979)
PublicationTitleAlternate	Hypertension
PublicationYear	2014
References	28264918 - Hypertension. 2017 May;69(5):e21-e22. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09060. 27672028 - Hypertension. 2016 Nov;68(5):e63-e65. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08053. 25225203 - Hypertension. 2014 Dec;64(6):1184-6. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03949.
References_xml	– reference: 28264918 - Hypertension. 2017 May;69(5):e21-e22. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09060. – reference: 25225203 - Hypertension. 2014 Dec;64(6):1184-6. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03949. – reference: 27672028 - Hypertension. 2016 Nov;68(5):e63-e65. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08053.
SSID	ssj0014447
Score	2.5790975
Snippet	Heart rate (HR) variability (HRV; beat-to-beat changes in the R-wave to R-wave interval) has attracted considerable attention during the past 30+ years (PubMed...
SourceID	proquest pubmed
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database
StartPage	1334
SubjectTerms	Animals Autonomic Nervous System - physiopathology Disease Models, Animal Electrocardiography Heart - innervation Heart - physiopathology Heart Diseases - physiopathology Heart Rate - physiology Humans Rabbits Rats
Title	Biophysical characterization of the underappreciated and important relationship between heart rate variability and heart rate
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25225208 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1625345394
Volume	64
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000345129900034&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpZ07T8MwEMctoAix8H6Ul1yJNdRJHCeZUEGtOtCoA6AyRY4fIgNJaEslBr47ZyelExISSxbHUmRfzj_7zv9D6Jpo5RqlKkd6OnCon0knI5w5XiZguaOw57DVGp4fwiSJJpN43By4zZq0yqVPtI5alsKckXddAHWfBn5Mb6t3x1SNMtHVpoTGOmr5gDLGqsPJKopAqS0wBksUdQAU_C3UsU6Cud3hy7gPwJgYj9Ub9oxk7g3xQ6PH9xtp2hVnsPvfb91DOw1r4l5tHPtoTRUHaGvURNMP0dddXlbNPGHxo9xcX8zEpcYAh9hcMpsa5XFTpx7wFPNC4vzNYnsxx9NlMt1rXuEm6QubKtnQBK_jBezFaynwT9tz1XSEngb9x_uh05RjcGDagMOFBFRimmVMKwGkITVxJaEq48SPmSSwR2cykEEQcY8JcOih52mpuVKUyww6H6ONoizUKcJxnAVEKI_pKKKuq2LKBQspkSHQi9Z-G3WWA5uCuZsYBi9U-TFLV0PbRif17KRVrcuResCSgUeisz_0PkfbgD60Tky5QC0NP7u6RJtiMc9n0ytrR_BMxqNvw-_VYQ
linkProvider	ProQuest
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biophysical+characterization+of+the+underappreciated+and+important+relationship+between+heart+rate+variability+and+heart+rate&rft.jtitle=Hypertension+%28Dallas%2C+Tex.+1979%29&rft.au=Monfredi%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Lyashkov%2C+Alexey+E&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+Anne-Berit&rft.au=Inada%2C+Shin&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.eissn=1524-4563&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=1334&rft_id=info:doi/10.1161%2FHYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03782&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25225208&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25225208&rft.externalDocID=25225208
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1524-4563&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1524-4563&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1524-4563&client=summon