Diversity loss with persistent human disturbance increases vulnerability to ecosystem collapse
Persistent anthropogenic disturbance is shown simultaneously to drive plant species loss and stabilize some attributes of ecosystem function, analogous to a high-yield, low-diversity agricultural system, but increase the likelihood of irreversible collapse after sudden environmental change. Burning...
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| Vydané v: | Nature (London) Ročník 494; číslo 7435; s. 86 - 89 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autori: | , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
07.02.2013
Nature Publishing Group |
| Predmet: | |
| ISSN: | 0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687 |
| On-line prístup: | Získať plný text |
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| Abstract | Persistent anthropogenic disturbance is shown simultaneously to drive plant species loss and stabilize some attributes of ecosystem function, analogous to a high-yield, low-diversity agricultural system, but increase the likelihood of irreversible collapse after sudden environmental change.
Burning issue: a high price for diversity loss
Stretches of oak savanna in the Pacific Northwest of North America have been subject to fire-prevention measures since the mid-nineteenth century. The resulting grassland has lost plant species but achieves stable high-yield annual production — rather like a high-yield agricultural system — and remains resilient to invasive species and climate fluctuation. A long-term study in which selected grassland plots were periodically burned and allowed to recover now demonstrates the critical value of biodiversity when ecosystems experience disturbance. Grasslands were able to recover from burning only in areas that had a relatively high diversity of native plants. This work demonstrates how persistent human activity can homogenize both structure and function of an ecological system, while weakening the diversity-related mechanisms needed to compensate for sudden disturbance. There are many terrestrial systems today that have become homogenized by persistent human activity that may be similarly vulnerable to sudden environmental change that will be only evident after the collapse occurs.
Long-term and persistent human disturbances have simultaneously altered the stability and diversity of ecological systems, with disturbances directly reducing functional attributes such as invasion resistance, while eliminating the buffering effects of high species diversity
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
. Theory predicts that this combination of environmental change and diversity loss increases the risk of abrupt and potentially irreversible ecosystem collapse
1
,
2
,
3
,
5
,
6
,
7
, but long-term empirical evidence from natural systems is lacking. Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and trophic collapse have created a species-poor grassland that is highly productive, resilient to yearly climatic fluctuations, and resistant to invasion, but vulnerable to rapid collapse after the re-introduction of fire. We initially show how human disturbance has created a negative relationship between diversity and function, contrary to theoretical predictions
3
,
4
. Fire prevention since the mid-nineteenth century is associated with the loss of plant species but it has stabilized high-yield annual production and invasion resistance, comparable to a managed high-yield low-diversity agricultural system. In managing for fire suppression, however, a hidden vulnerability to sudden environmental change emerges that is explained by the elimination of the buffering effects of high species diversity. With the re-introduction of fire, grasslands only persist in areas with remnant concentrations of native species, in which a range of rare and mostly functionally redundant plants proliferate after burning and prevent extensive invasion including a rapid conversion towards woodland. This research shows how biodiversity can be crucial for ecosystem stability despite appearing functionally insignificant beforehand, a relationship probably applicable to many ecosystems given the globally prevalent combination of intensive long-term land management and species loss. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Persistent anthropogenic disturbance is shown simultaneously to drive plant species loss and stabilize some attributes of ecosystem function, analogous to a high-yield, low-diversity agricultural system, but increase the likelihood of irreversible collapse after sudden environmental change.
Burning issue: a high price for diversity loss
Stretches of oak savanna in the Pacific Northwest of North America have been subject to fire-prevention measures since the mid-nineteenth century. The resulting grassland has lost plant species but achieves stable high-yield annual production — rather like a high-yield agricultural system — and remains resilient to invasive species and climate fluctuation. A long-term study in which selected grassland plots were periodically burned and allowed to recover now demonstrates the critical value of biodiversity when ecosystems experience disturbance. Grasslands were able to recover from burning only in areas that had a relatively high diversity of native plants. This work demonstrates how persistent human activity can homogenize both structure and function of an ecological system, while weakening the diversity-related mechanisms needed to compensate for sudden disturbance. There are many terrestrial systems today that have become homogenized by persistent human activity that may be similarly vulnerable to sudden environmental change that will be only evident after the collapse occurs.
Long-term and persistent human disturbances have simultaneously altered the stability and diversity of ecological systems, with disturbances directly reducing functional attributes such as invasion resistance, while eliminating the buffering effects of high species diversity
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
. Theory predicts that this combination of environmental change and diversity loss increases the risk of abrupt and potentially irreversible ecosystem collapse
1
,
2
,
3
,
5
,
6
,
7
, but long-term empirical evidence from natural systems is lacking. Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and trophic collapse have created a species-poor grassland that is highly productive, resilient to yearly climatic fluctuations, and resistant to invasion, but vulnerable to rapid collapse after the re-introduction of fire. We initially show how human disturbance has created a negative relationship between diversity and function, contrary to theoretical predictions
3
,
4
. Fire prevention since the mid-nineteenth century is associated with the loss of plant species but it has stabilized high-yield annual production and invasion resistance, comparable to a managed high-yield low-diversity agricultural system. In managing for fire suppression, however, a hidden vulnerability to sudden environmental change emerges that is explained by the elimination of the buffering effects of high species diversity. With the re-introduction of fire, grasslands only persist in areas with remnant concentrations of native species, in which a range of rare and mostly functionally redundant plants proliferate after burning and prevent extensive invasion including a rapid conversion towards woodland. This research shows how biodiversity can be crucial for ecosystem stability despite appearing functionally insignificant beforehand, a relationship probably applicable to many ecosystems given the globally prevalent combination of intensive long-term land management and species loss. Long-term and persistent human disturbances have simultaneously altered the stability and diversity of ecological systems, with disturbances directly reducing functional attributes such as invasion resistance, while eliminating the buffering effects of high species diversity. Theory predicts that this combination of environmental change and diversity loss increases the risk of abrupt and potentially irreversible ecosystem collapse, but long-term empirical evidence from natural systems is lacking. Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and trophic collapse have created a species-poor grassland that is highly productive, resilient to yearly climatic fluctuations, and resistant to invasion, but vulnerable to rapid collapse after the re-introduction of fire. We initially show how human disturbance has created a negative relationship between diversity and function, contrary to theoretical predictions. Fire prevention since the mid-nineteenth century is associated with the loss of plant species but it has stabilized high-yield annual production and invasion resistance, comparable to a managed high-yield low-diversity agricultural system. In managing for fire suppression, however, a hidden vulnerability to sudden environmental change emerges that is explained by the elimination of the buffering effects of high species diversity. With the re-introduction of fire, grasslands only persist in areas with remnant concentrations of native species, in which a range of rare and mostly functionally redundant plants proliferate after burning and prevent extensive invasion including a rapid conversion towards woodland. This research shows how biodiversity can be crucial for ecosystem stability despite appearing functionally insignificant beforehand, a relationship probably applicable to many ecosystems given the globally prevalent combination of intensive long-term land management and species loss. Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and trophic collapse have created a species-poor grassland that is highly productive, resilient to yearly climatic fluctuations, and resistant to invasion, but vulnerable to rapid collapse after the re-introduction of fire.We initially show how human disturbance has created a negative relationship between diversity and function, contrary to theoretical predictions3,4. Persistent disturbances obscure diversity-stability relationships because they can affect ecosystem function independently of diversity1-3, as when overgrazing directly decreases production and provides opportunities for invasion1,2. Because persistent disturbances can also drive species loss, false positivesmayarise between diversity and ecosystem function, in which reductions in diversity and function are correlated but have weak mechanistic connections. Long-term and persistent human disturbances have simultaneously altered the stability and diversity of ecological systems, with disturbances directly reducing functional attributes such as invasion resistance, while eliminating the buffering effects of high species diversity. Theory predicts that this combination of environmental change and diversity loss increases the risk of abrupt and potentially irreversible ecosystem collapse, but long-term empirical evidence from natural systems is lacking. Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and trophic collapse have created a species-poor grassland that is highly productive, resilient to yearly climatic fluctuations, and resistant to invasion, but vulnerable to rapid collapse after the re-introduction of fire. We initially show how human disturbance has created a negative relationship between diversity and function, contrary to theoretical predictions. Fire prevention since the mid-nineteenth century is associated with the loss of plant species but it has stabilized high-yield annual production and invasion resistance, comparable to a managed high-yield low-diversity agricultural system. In managing for fire suppression, however, a hidden vulnerability to sudden environmental change emerges that is explained by the elimination of the buffering effects of high species diversity. With the re-introduction of fire, grasslands only persist in areas with remnant concentrations of native species, in which a range of rare and mostly functionally redundant plants proliferate after burning and prevent extensive invasion including a rapid conversion towards woodland. This research shows how biodiversity can be crucial for ecosystem stability despite appearing functionally insignificant beforehand, a relationship probably applicable to many ecosystems given the globally prevalent combination of intensive long-term land management and species loss.Long-term and persistent human disturbances have simultaneously altered the stability and diversity of ecological systems, with disturbances directly reducing functional attributes such as invasion resistance, while eliminating the buffering effects of high species diversity. Theory predicts that this combination of environmental change and diversity loss increases the risk of abrupt and potentially irreversible ecosystem collapse, but long-term empirical evidence from natural systems is lacking. Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and trophic collapse have created a species-poor grassland that is highly productive, resilient to yearly climatic fluctuations, and resistant to invasion, but vulnerable to rapid collapse after the re-introduction of fire. We initially show how human disturbance has created a negative relationship between diversity and function, contrary to theoretical predictions. Fire prevention since the mid-nineteenth century is associated with the loss of plant species but it has stabilized high-yield annual production and invasion resistance, comparable to a managed high-yield low-diversity agricultural system. In managing for fire suppression, however, a hidden vulnerability to sudden environmental change emerges that is explained by the elimination of the buffering effects of high species diversity. With the re-introduction of fire, grasslands only persist in areas with remnant concentrations of native species, in which a range of rare and mostly functionally redundant plants proliferate after burning and prevent extensive invasion including a rapid conversion towards woodland. This research shows how biodiversity can be crucial for ecosystem stability despite appearing functionally insignificant beforehand, a relationship probably applicable to many ecosystems given the globally prevalent combination of intensive long-term land management and species loss. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | MacDougall, A. S. Turkington, R. Gellner, G. McCann, K. S. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: A. S. surname: MacDougall fullname: MacDougall, A. S. email: amacdo02@uoguelph.ca organization: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: K. S. surname: McCann fullname: McCann, K. S. organization: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada – sequence: 3 givenname: G. surname: Gellner fullname: Gellner, G. organization: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada – sequence: 4 givenname: R. surname: Turkington fullname: Turkington, R. organization: Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26901950$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23389543$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Springer Nature Limited 2013 2014 INIST-CNRS COPYRIGHT 2013 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Nature Publishing Group Feb 7, 2013 |
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| Keywords | Ecological damage Ecosystem Loss Vulnerability Biodiversity Long term Anthropogenic factor |
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| Snippet | Persistent anthropogenic disturbance is shown simultaneously to drive plant species loss and stabilize some attributes of ecosystem function, analogous to a... Long-term and persistent human disturbances have simultaneously altered the stability and diversity of ecological systems, with disturbances directly reducing... Here we demonstrate this relationship in a degraded but species-rich pyrogenic grassland in which the combined effects of fire suppression, invasion and... |
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| SubjectTerms | 631/158/670 Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Biodiversity Biological and medical sciences Biological diversity Biomass Climate Change Collapse Competition Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Ecological function Ecology - methods Ecosystem Ecosystems Endangered & extinct species Environmental conditions Environmental degradation: ecosystems survey and restoration Environmental protection Fire prevention Fires Flowers & plants Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Genetic diversity Grasses Grasslands Human Activities Human beings Humanities and Social Sciences Influence on nature Introduced Species Invasive species letter multidisciplinary Native species Observations Poaceae - growth & development Population Dynamics Science Trees - growth & development |
| Title | Diversity loss with persistent human disturbance increases vulnerability to ecosystem collapse |
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