The effects of Ficus carica on the activity of enzymes related to metabolic syndrome

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total pol...

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Published in:	Journal of food and drug analysis Vol. 26; no. 1; pp. 201 - 210
Main Authors:	Mopuri, Ramgopal, Ganjayi, Muniswamy, Meriga, Balaji, Koorbanally, Neil Anthony, Islam, Md. Shahidul
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	China (Republic : 1949- ) Elsevier B.V 01.01.2018 Food and Drug Administration Taiwan Food and Drug Administration
Subjects:	acetates Acetic acid Acids alpha-amylase alpha-glucosidase Amylases Antidiabetics Antioxidants Bioactive compounds Butane butanes butyrates Cancer Conflicts of interest Diabetes Diabetes mellitus drugs Enzymes Ethanol Ficus carica figs Flavonoids Fruits Furfural Gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Glucosidase Hydroxymethylfurfural Industrialized nations inhibitory concentration 50 Insulin Leaves Lipase Malic acid Mass spectroscopy Metabolic disorders Metabolic syndrome Obesity Original Palmitic acid Pancreas pancreatic lipase Phytochemicals Phytol Plant extracts Polyphenols solvents Stearic acid triacylglycerol lipase α-amylase α-glucosidase South Africa Germany Africa India α-glucosidase α-amylase antioxidants Ficus carica pancreatic lipase
ISSN:	1021-9498, 2224-6614, 2224-6614
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Abstract	The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67±5.51 μg/mL and 81.67±4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC50 values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44±18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57±36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89±3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475±9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents. [Display omitted] •Fruit ethanolic extract of Ficus carica has potential inhibitory effects against carbohydrates and lipid digesting enzymes activities.•Above-mentioned extract may have potential antioxidative, antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents.•Ficus carica fruit ethanolic extract may be potential alternative for the treatment of oxidative stress, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Further studies on humans and experimental animals are needed to confirm these effects.
AbstractList	The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67±5.51 μg/mL and 81.67±4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC50 values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44±18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57±36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89±3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475±9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67±5.51 μg/mL and 81.67±4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC50 values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44±18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57±36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89±3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475±9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents. [Display omitted] •Fruit ethanolic extract of Ficus carica has potential inhibitory effects against carbohydrates and lipid digesting enzymes activities.•Above-mentioned extract may have potential antioxidative, antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents.•Ficus carica fruit ethanolic extract may be potential alternative for the treatment of oxidative stress, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Further studies on humans and experimental animals are needed to confirm these effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67±5.51 μg/mL and 81.67±4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC50 values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44±18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57±36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89±3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475±9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents.The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67±5.51 μg/mL and 81.67±4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC50 values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44±18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57±36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89±3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475±9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67±5.51 μg/mL and 81.67±4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44±18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57±36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89±3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475±9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in vitro. Fruit, leaves, and stembark of the F. carica plant were sequentially extracted using organic and inorganic solvents and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated. The effects of the extracts on antioxidative, antidiabetic (inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes), and antiobesogenic (antilipase) activities were measured using several experimental models. The fruit ethanolic extract contained a high quantity of polyphenols and flavonoids (104.67 ± 5.51 μg/mL and 81.67 ± 4.00 μg/mL) compared with all other extracts. The activity of the ethanolic extract of F. carica fruit was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all other extracts and parts of the plant in terms of antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects. The IC50 values of the fruit ethanolic extract in terms of antioxidative (134.44 ± 18.43 μg/mL), and inhibition of α-glucosidase (255.57 ± 36.46 μg/mL), α-amylase (315.89 ± 3.83 μg/mL), and pancreatic lipase (230.475 ± 9.65 μg/mL) activity indicate that the activity of fruit ethanolic extract is better than all other extracts of the plant. The gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the fruit ethanolic extract showed the presence of a number of bioactive compounds such as butyl butyrate, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, 1-butoxy-1-isobutoxy butane, malic acid, tetradecanoic acid, phytol acetate, trans phytol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, stearic acid, sitosterol, 3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2,4,5-trimethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one. The results of this study suggest that the ethanolic extract of the fruit of F. carica may have potential antidiabetic and antiobesogenic agents.
Author	Mopuri, Ramgopal Islam, Md. Shahidul Koorbanally, Neil Anthony Ganjayi, Muniswamy Meriga, Balaji
AuthorAffiliation	a Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa b Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India c School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: a Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa – name: b Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India – name: c School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ramgopal surname: Mopuri fullname: Mopuri, Ramgopal organization: Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: Muniswamy surname: Ganjayi fullname: Ganjayi, Muniswamy organization: Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India – sequence: 3 givenname: Balaji surname: Meriga fullname: Meriga, Balaji organization: Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India – sequence: 4 givenname: Neil Anthony surname: Koorbanally fullname: Koorbanally, Neil Anthony organization: School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa – sequence: 5 givenname: Md. Shahidul surname: Islam fullname: Islam, Md. Shahidul email: islamd@ukzn.ac.za organization: Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29389556$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	2017 Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V. Copyright Elsevier Limited Jan 2018 2018 Taiwan Food and Drug Administration 2018
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Keywords	α-glucosidase α-amylase antioxidants Ficus carica pancreatic lipase
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License	This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Snippet	The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects... The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the various parts of Ficus carica L. (figs) on antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesogenic effects in...
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SubjectTerms	acetates Acetic acid Acids alpha-amylase alpha-glucosidase Amylases Antidiabetics Antioxidants Bioactive compounds Butane butanes butyrates Cancer Conflicts of interest Diabetes Diabetes mellitus drugs Enzymes Ethanol Ficus carica figs Flavonoids Fruits Furfural Gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Glucosidase Hydroxymethylfurfural Industrialized nations inhibitory concentration 50 Insulin Leaves Lipase Malic acid Mass spectroscopy Metabolic disorders Metabolic syndrome Obesity Original Palmitic acid Pancreas pancreatic lipase Phytochemicals Phytol Plant extracts Polyphenols solvents Stearic acid triacylglycerol lipase α-amylase α-glucosidase
Title	The effects of Ficus carica on the activity of enzymes related to metabolic syndrome
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2017.03.001 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29389556 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2049906687 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1993991512 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000353471 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9332642
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