Characterizing and correcting gradient errors in non-cartesian imaging: Are gradient errors linear time-invariant (LTI)?
Non‐Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non‐Cartesian techniques...
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| Vydáno v: | Magnetic resonance in medicine Ročník 62; číslo 6; s. 1466 - 1476 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Hoboken
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
01.12.2009
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| ISSN: | 0740-3194, 1522-2594, 1522-2594 |
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| Abstract | Non‐Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non‐Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k‐space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multiecho three‐dimensional projection reconstruction (3DPR) acquisitions in which the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time‐invariant (LTI). This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
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| AbstractList | Non-Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non-Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k-space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multiecho three-dimensional projection reconstruction (3DPR) acquisitions in which the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time-invariant (LTI). This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data. Magn Reson Med, 2009. [copy 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Non‐Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non‐Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k ‐space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multiecho three‐dimensional projection reconstruction (3DPR) acquisitions in which the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time‐invariant (LTI). This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Non‐Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non‐Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k‐space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multiecho three‐dimensional projection reconstruction (3DPR) acquisitions in which the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time‐invariant (LTI). This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Non-Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment towards successful implementation and eventual adoption of non-Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k-space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multi-echo 3DPR acquisitions where the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time-invariant. This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data. Non-Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non-Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k-space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multiecho three-dimensional projection reconstruction (3DPR) acquisitions in which the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time-invariant (LTI). This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data.Non-Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non-Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k-space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multiecho three-dimensional projection reconstruction (3DPR) acquisitions in which the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time-invariant (LTI). This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data. Non-Cartesian and rapid imaging sequences are more sensitive to scanner imperfections such as gradient delays and eddy currents. These imperfections vary between scanners and over time and can be a significant impediment to successful implementation and eventual adoption of non-Cartesian techniques by scanner manufacturers. Differences between the k-space trajectory desired and the trajectory actually acquired lead to misregistration and reduction in image quality. While early calibration methods required considerable scan time, more recent methods can work more quickly by making certain approximations. We examine a rapid gradient calibration procedure applied to multiecho three-dimensional projection reconstruction (3DPR) acquisitions in which the calibration runs as part of every scan. After measuring the trajectories traversed for excitations on each of the orthogonal gradient axes, trajectories for the oblique projections actually acquired during the scan are synthesized as linear combinations of these measurements. The ability to do rapid calibration depends on the assumption that gradient errors are linear and time-invariant (LTI). This work examines the validity of these assumptions and shows that the assumption of linearity is reasonable, but that gradient errors can vary over short time periods (due to changes in gradient coil temperature) and thus it is important to use calibration data matched to the scan data. |
| Author | Brodsky, Ethan K. Samsonov, Alexey A. Block, Walter F. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 1 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 2 Departments of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Departments of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin – name: 1 Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin – name: 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ethan K. surname: Brodsky fullname: Brodsky, Ethan K. email: brodskye@cae.wisc.edu organization: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Alexey A. surname: Samsonov fullname: Samsonov, Alexey A. organization: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Walter F. surname: Block fullname: Block, Walter F. organization: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19877274$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| References_xml | – reference: Jehenson P, Westphal M, Schuff N. Analytical method for the compensation of eddy-current effects induced by pulsed magnetic field gradients in NMR systems. J Magn Reson 1990; 90: 264-278. – reference: Noll DC, Peltier SJ, Boada FE. Simultaneous multislice acquisition using rosette trajectories (SMART): a new imaging method for functional MRI. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39: 709-716. – reference: Jensen DJ, Brey WW, Delayre JL, Nayarana PA. Reduction of pulsed gradient settling time in the superconducting magnet of a magnetic resonance instrument. Med Phys 1987; 14: 859-862. – reference: Lu A, Brodsky EK, Grist TM, Block WF. Rapid fat-suppressed isotropic steady-state free precession imaging using true 3D multiple-half-echo projection reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53: 692-699. – reference: Reeder SB, Atalar E, Faranesh AZ, McVeigh ER. Referenceless interleaved echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41: 87-94. – reference: Bernstein MA, Grgic M, Brosnan TJ, Pelc NJ. Reconstruction of phase contrast, phased-array multicoil data. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 330-334. – reference: Duyn JH, Yang Y, Frank JA, van der Veen JW. Simple correction method for k-space trajectory deviations in MRI. J Magn Reson 1998; 132: 150-153. – reference: Onodera T, Matsui S, Sekihara K, Kohno H. A method of measuring field-gradient modulation shapes. Applications to high-speed NMR spectroscopic imaging. J Phys [E] 1987; 20: 416-419. – reference: Mason GF, Harshbarger T, Hetherington HP, Zhang Y, Pohost GM, Twieg DB. A Method to measure arbitrary k-space trajectories for rapid MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38: 492-496. – reference: Jung Y, Jashnani Y, Kijowski R, Block WF. Consistent non-Cartesian off-axis MRI quality: calibrating and removing multiple sources of demodulation phase errors. Magn Reson Med 2007; 57: 206-212. – reference: Papadakis NG, Wilkinson AA, Carpenter TA, Hall LD. A general method for measurement of the time integral of variant magnetic field gradients: application to 2D spiral imaging. Magn Reson Imag 1997; 15: 567-578. – reference: Peters DC, Derbyshire JA, McVeigh ER. Centering the projection reconstruction trajectory: reducing gradient delay errors. Magn Reson Med 2003; 50: 1-6. – reference: van Vaals JJ, Bergman AH. Optimization of eddy-current compensation. J Magn Reson 1990; 90: 52-70. – reference: Takahashi A, Peters T. Compensation of multi-dimensional selective excitation pulses using measured k-space trajectories. Magn Reson Med 1995; 34: 446-456. – reference: Barger A, Block WF, Grist TM, Mistretta C. Isotropic resolution and broad coverage in contrast-enhanced MR angiography using undersampled 3D projection trajectories. Magn Reson Med 2002; 48: 297-305. – volume: 15 start-page: 567 year: 1997 end-page: 578 article-title: A general method for measurement of the time integral of variant magnetic field gradients: application to 2D spiral imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Imag – volume: 34 start-page: 446 year: 1995 end-page: 456 article-title: Compensation of multi‐dimensional selective excitation pulses using measured ‐space trajectories publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 20 start-page: 416 year: 1987 end-page: 419 article-title: A method of measuring field‐gradient modulation shapes. Applications to high‐speed NMR spectroscopic imaging publication-title: J Phys [E] – start-page: 105 year: 2008 – volume: 41 start-page: 87 year: 1999 end-page: 94 article-title: Referenceless interleaved echo‐planar imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 32 start-page: 330 year: 1994 end-page: 334 article-title: Reconstruction of phase contrast, phased‐array multicoil data publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 48 start-page: 297 year: 2002 end-page: 305 article-title: Isotropic resolution and broad coverage in contrast‐enhanced MR angiography using undersampled 3D projection trajectories publication-title: Magn Reson Med – year: 2002 – volume: 50 start-page: 1 year: 2003 end-page: 6 article-title: Centering the projection reconstruction trajectory: reducing gradient delay errors publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 38 start-page: 492 year: 1997 end-page: 496 article-title: A Method to measure arbitrary ‐space trajectories for rapid MR imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 132 start-page: 150 year: 1998 end-page: 153 article-title: Simple correction method for ‐space trajectory deviations in MRI publication-title: J Magn Reson – year: 2006 – year: 2003 – volume: 14 start-page: 859 year: 1987 end-page: 862 article-title: Reduction of pulsed gradient settling time in the superconducting magnet of a magnetic resonance instrument publication-title: Med Phys – start-page: 186 year: 2000 – volume: 53 start-page: 692 year: 2005 end-page: 699 article-title: Rapid fat‐suppressed isotropic steady‐state free precession imaging using true 3D multiple‐half‐echo projection reconstruction publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 90 start-page: 264 year: 1990 end-page: 278 article-title: Analytical method for the compensation of eddy‐current effects induced by pulsed magnetic field gradients in NMR systems publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 57 start-page: 206 year: 2007 end-page: 212 article-title: Consistent non‐Cartesian off‐axis MRI quality: calibrating and removing multiple sources of demodulation phase errors publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 39 start-page: 709 year: 1998 end-page: 716 article-title: Simultaneous multislice acquisition using rosette trajectories (SMART): a new imaging method for functional MRI publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 90 start-page: 52 year: 1990 end-page: 70 article-title: Optimization of eddy‐current compensation publication-title: J Magn Reson – ident: e_1_2_7_16_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910390507 – ident: e_1_2_7_2_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_12_2 doi: 10.1016/0022-2364(90)90133-T – ident: e_1_2_7_10_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_4_2 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199901)41:1<87::AID-MRM13>3.0.CO;2-X – ident: e_1_2_7_18_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.21092 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_2 doi: 10.1006/jmre.1998.1396 – ident: e_1_2_7_21_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_2 doi: 10.1118/1.596012 – ident: e_1_2_7_6_2 doi: 10.1016/S0730-725X(97)00014-3 – ident: e_1_2_7_14_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_3_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.10501 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_2 doi: 10.1088/0022-3735/20/4/014 – ident: e_1_2_7_8_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910380318 – ident: e_1_2_7_15_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.10212 – ident: e_1_2_7_19_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910320308 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_2 doi: 10.1016/0022-2364(90)90365-G – ident: e_1_2_7_17_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.20389 – ident: e_1_2_7_20_2 – ident: e_1_2_7_7_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910340323 |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Computer Simulation Eddy current gradient calibration gradient error Image Enhancement - methods Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods k-space trajectory k-space trajectory deviation Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods Models, Biological Models, Statistical non-cartesian imaging Pattern Recognition, Automated - methods Reproducibility of Results Sensitivity and Specificity Time Factors |
| Title | Characterizing and correcting gradient errors in non-cartesian imaging: Are gradient errors linear time-invariant (LTI)? |
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