Vulnerability to snakebite envenoming: a global mapping of hotspots
Snakebite envenoming is a frequently overlooked cause of mortality and morbidity. Data for snake ecology and existing snakebite interventions are scarce, limiting accurate burden estimation initiatives. Low global awareness stunts new interventions, adequate health resources, and available health ca...
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| Vydané v: | The Lancet (British edition) Ročník 392; číslo 10148; s. 673 - 684 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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England
Elsevier Ltd
25.08.2018
Elsevier B.V Elsevier Limited Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 0140-6736, 1474-547X, 1474-547X |
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| Abstract | Snakebite envenoming is a frequently overlooked cause of mortality and morbidity. Data for snake ecology and existing snakebite interventions are scarce, limiting accurate burden estimation initiatives. Low global awareness stunts new interventions, adequate health resources, and available health care. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise currently available data to identify the most vulnerable populations at risk of snakebite, and where additional data to manage this global problem are needed.
We assembled a list of snake species using WHO guidelines. Where relevant, we obtained expert opinion range (EOR) maps from WHO or the Clinical Toxinology Resources. We also obtained occurrence data for each snake species from a variety of websites, such as VertNet and iNaturalist, using the spocc R package (version 0.7.0). We removed duplicate occurrence data and categorised snakes into three groups: group A (no available EOR map or species occurrence records), group B (EOR map but <5 species occurrence records), and group C (EOR map and ≥5 species occurrence records). For group C species, we did a multivariate environmental similarity analysis using the 2008 WHO EOR maps and newly available evidence. Using these data and the EOR maps, we produced contemporary range maps for medically important venomous snake species at a 5 × 5 km resolution. We subsequently triangulated these data with three health system metrics (antivenom availability, accessibility to urban centres, and the Healthcare Access and Quality [HAQ] Index) to identify the populations most vulnerable to snakebite morbidity and mortality.
We provide a map showing the ranges of 278 snake species globally. Although about 6·85 billion people worldwide live within range of areas inhabited by snakes, about 146·70 million live within remote areas lacking quality health-care provisioning. Comparing opposite ends of the HAQ Index, 272·91 million individuals (65·25%) of the population within the lowest decile are at risk of exposure to any snake for which no effective therapy exists compared with 519·46 million individuals (27·79%) within the highest HAQ Index decile, showing a disproportionate coverage in reported antivenom availability. Antivenoms were available for 119 (43%) of 278 snake species evaluated by WHO, while globally 750·19 million (10·95%) of those living within snake ranges live more than 1 h from population centres. In total, we identify about 92·66 million people living within these vulnerable geographies, including many sub-Saharan countries, Indonesia, and other parts of southeast Asia.
Identifying exact populations vulnerable to the most severe outcomes of snakebite envenoming at a subnational level is important for prioritising new data collection and collation, reinforcing envenoming treatment, existing health-care systems, and deploying currently available and future interventions. These maps can guide future research efforts on snakebite envenoming from both ecological and public health perspectives and better target future estimates of the burden of this neglected tropical disease.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Snakebite envenoming is a frequently overlooked cause of mortality and morbidity. Data for snake ecology and existing snakebite interventions are scarce, limiting accurate burden estimation initiatives. Low global awareness stunts new interventions, adequate health resources, and available health care. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise currently available data to identify the most vulnerable populations at risk of snakebite, and where additional data to manage this global problem are needed.
We assembled a list of snake species using WHO guidelines. Where relevant, we obtained expert opinion range (EOR) maps from WHO or the Clinical Toxinology Resources. We also obtained occurrence data for each snake species from a variety of websites, such as VertNet and iNaturalist, using the spocc R package (version 0.7.0). We removed duplicate occurrence data and categorised snakes into three groups: group A (no available EOR map or species occurrence records), group B (EOR map but <5 species occurrence records), and group C (EOR map and ≥5 species occurrence records). For group C species, we did a multivariate environmental similarity analysis using the 2008 WHO EOR maps and newly available evidence. Using these data and the EOR maps, we produced contemporary range maps for medically important venomous snake species at a 5 × 5 km resolution. We subsequently triangulated these data with three health system metrics (antivenom availability, accessibility to urban centres, and the Healthcare Access and Quality [HAQ] Index) to identify the populations most vulnerable to snakebite morbidity and mortality.
We provide a map showing the ranges of 278 snake species globally. Although about 6·85 billion people worldwide live within range of areas inhabited by snakes, about 146·70 million live within remote areas lacking quality health-care provisioning. Comparing opposite ends of the HAQ Index, 272·91 million individuals (65·25%) of the population within the lowest decile are at risk of exposure to any snake for which no effective therapy exists compared with 519·46 million individuals (27·79%) within the highest HAQ Index decile, showing a disproportionate coverage in reported antivenom availability. Antivenoms were available for 119 (43%) of 278 snake species evaluated by WHO, while globally 750·19 million (10·95%) of those living within snake ranges live more than 1 h from population centres. In total, we identify about 92·66 million people living within these vulnerable geographies, including many sub-Saharan countries, Indonesia, and other parts of southeast Asia.
Identifying exact populations vulnerable to the most severe outcomes of snakebite envenoming at a subnational level is important for prioritising new data collection and collation, reinforcing envenoming treatment, existing health-care systems, and deploying currently available and future interventions. These maps can guide future research efforts on snakebite envenoming from both ecological and public health perspectives and better target future estimates of the burden of this neglected tropical disease.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Snakebite envenoming is a frequently overlooked cause of mortality and morbidity. Data for snake ecology and existing snakebite interventions are scarce, limiting accurate burden estimation initiatives. Low global awareness stunts new interventions, adequate health resources, and available health care. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise currently available data to identify the most vulnerable populations at risk of snakebite, and where additional data to manage this global problem are needed.BACKGROUNDSnakebite envenoming is a frequently overlooked cause of mortality and morbidity. Data for snake ecology and existing snakebite interventions are scarce, limiting accurate burden estimation initiatives. Low global awareness stunts new interventions, adequate health resources, and available health care. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise currently available data to identify the most vulnerable populations at risk of snakebite, and where additional data to manage this global problem are needed.We assembled a list of snake species using WHO guidelines. Where relevant, we obtained expert opinion range (EOR) maps from WHO or the Clinical Toxinology Resources. We also obtained occurrence data for each snake species from a variety of websites, such as VertNet and iNaturalist, using the spocc R package (version 0.7.0). We removed duplicate occurrence data and categorised snakes into three groups: group A (no available EOR map or species occurrence records), group B (EOR map but <5 species occurrence records), and group C (EOR map and ≥5 species occurrence records). For group C species, we did a multivariate environmental similarity analysis using the 2008 WHO EOR maps and newly available evidence. Using these data and the EOR maps, we produced contemporary range maps for medically important venomous snake species at a 5 × 5 km resolution. We subsequently triangulated these data with three health system metrics (antivenom availability, accessibility to urban centres, and the Healthcare Access and Quality [HAQ] Index) to identify the populations most vulnerable to snakebite morbidity and mortality.METHODSWe assembled a list of snake species using WHO guidelines. Where relevant, we obtained expert opinion range (EOR) maps from WHO or the Clinical Toxinology Resources. We also obtained occurrence data for each snake species from a variety of websites, such as VertNet and iNaturalist, using the spocc R package (version 0.7.0). We removed duplicate occurrence data and categorised snakes into three groups: group A (no available EOR map or species occurrence records), group B (EOR map but <5 species occurrence records), and group C (EOR map and ≥5 species occurrence records). For group C species, we did a multivariate environmental similarity analysis using the 2008 WHO EOR maps and newly available evidence. Using these data and the EOR maps, we produced contemporary range maps for medically important venomous snake species at a 5 × 5 km resolution. We subsequently triangulated these data with three health system metrics (antivenom availability, accessibility to urban centres, and the Healthcare Access and Quality [HAQ] Index) to identify the populations most vulnerable to snakebite morbidity and mortality.We provide a map showing the ranges of 278 snake species globally. Although about 6·85 billion people worldwide live within range of areas inhabited by snakes, about 146·70 million live within remote areas lacking quality health-care provisioning. Comparing opposite ends of the HAQ Index, 272·91 million individuals (65·25%) of the population within the lowest decile are at risk of exposure to any snake for which no effective therapy exists compared with 519·46 million individuals (27·79%) within the highest HAQ Index decile, showing a disproportionate coverage in reported antivenom availability. Antivenoms were available for 119 (43%) of 278 snake species evaluated by WHO, while globally 750·19 million (10·95%) of those living within snake ranges live more than 1 h from population centres. In total, we identify about 92·66 million people living within these vulnerable geographies, including many sub-Saharan countries, Indonesia, and other parts of southeast Asia.FINDINGSWe provide a map showing the ranges of 278 snake species globally. Although about 6·85 billion people worldwide live within range of areas inhabited by snakes, about 146·70 million live within remote areas lacking quality health-care provisioning. Comparing opposite ends of the HAQ Index, 272·91 million individuals (65·25%) of the population within the lowest decile are at risk of exposure to any snake for which no effective therapy exists compared with 519·46 million individuals (27·79%) within the highest HAQ Index decile, showing a disproportionate coverage in reported antivenom availability. Antivenoms were available for 119 (43%) of 278 snake species evaluated by WHO, while globally 750·19 million (10·95%) of those living within snake ranges live more than 1 h from population centres. In total, we identify about 92·66 million people living within these vulnerable geographies, including many sub-Saharan countries, Indonesia, and other parts of southeast Asia.Identifying exact populations vulnerable to the most severe outcomes of snakebite envenoming at a subnational level is important for prioritising new data collection and collation, reinforcing envenoming treatment, existing health-care systems, and deploying currently available and future interventions. These maps can guide future research efforts on snakebite envenoming from both ecological and public health perspectives and better target future estimates of the burden of this neglected tropical disease.INTERPRETATIONIdentifying exact populations vulnerable to the most severe outcomes of snakebite envenoming at a subnational level is important for prioritising new data collection and collation, reinforcing envenoming treatment, existing health-care systems, and deploying currently available and future interventions. These maps can guide future research efforts on snakebite envenoming from both ecological and public health perspectives and better target future estimates of the burden of this neglected tropical disease.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.FUNDINGBill & Melinda Gates Foundation. SummaryBackgroundSnakebite envenoming is a frequently overlooked cause of mortality and morbidity. Data for snake ecology and existing snakebite interventions are scarce, limiting accurate burden estimation initiatives. Low global awareness stunts new interventions, adequate health resources, and available health care. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise currently available data to identify the most vulnerable populations at risk of snakebite, and where additional data to manage this global problem are needed.MethodsWe assembled a list of snake species using WHO guidelines. Where relevant, we obtained expert opinion range (EOR) maps from WHO or the Clinical Toxinology Resources. We also obtained occurrence data for each snake species from a variety of websites, such as VertNet and iNaturalist, using the spocc R package (version 0.7.0). We removed duplicate occurrence data and categorised snakes into three groups: group A (no available EOR map or species occurrence records), group B (EOR map but <5 species occurrence records), and group C (EOR map and ≥5 species occurrence records). For group C species, we did a multivariate environmental similarity analysis using the 2008 WHO EOR maps and newly available evidence. Using these data and the EOR maps, we produced contemporary range maps for medically important venomous snake species at a 5 × 5 km resolution. We subsequently triangulated these data with three health system metrics (antivenom availability, accessibility to urban centres, and the Healthcare Access and Quality [HAQ] Index) to identify the populations most vulnerable to snakebite morbidity and mortality.FindingsWe provide a map showing the ranges of 278 snake species globally. Although about 6·85 billion people worldwide live within range of areas inhabited by snakes, about 146·70 million live within remote areas lacking quality health-care provisioning. Comparing opposite ends of the HAQ Index, 272·91 million individuals (65·25%) of the population within the lowest decile are at risk of exposure to any snake for which no effective therapy exists compared with 519·46 million individuals (27·79%) within the highest HAQ Index decile, showing a disproportionate coverage in reported antivenom availability. Antivenoms were available for 119 (43%) of 278 snake species evaluated by WHO, while globally 750·19 million (10·95%) of those living within snake ranges live more than 1 h from population centres. In total, we identify about 92·66 million people living within these vulnerable geographies, including many sub-Saharan countries, Indonesia, and other parts of southeast Asia.InterpretationIdentifying exact populations vulnerable to the most severe outcomes of snakebite envenoming at a subnational level is important for prioritising new data collection and collation, reinforcing envenoming treatment, existing health-care systems, and deploying currently available and future interventions. These maps can guide future research efforts on snakebite envenoming from both ecological and public health perspectives and better target future estimates of the burden of this neglected tropical disease.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Warrell, David A Alcoba, Gabriel Ruiz de Castañeda, Rafael Chappuis, Francois Weiss, Daniel J Shearer, Freya M Hay, Simon I Longbottom, Joshua Devine, Maria Williams, David J Pigott, David M Ray, Nicolas Ray, Sarah E |
| AuthorAffiliation | f Division of Tropical Medicine and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland b Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK c Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK a Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK e Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland h EnviroSPACE Lab, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland g Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA j Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia d Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK i Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, S |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: d Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK – name: e Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – name: g Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA – name: i Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – name: h EnviroSPACE Lab, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – name: a Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – name: f Division of Tropical Medicine and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland – name: j Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia – name: b Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – name: c Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Joshua surname: Longbottom fullname: Longbottom, Joshua email: joshua.longbottom@lstmed.ac.uk organization: Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Freya M surname: Shearer fullname: Shearer, Freya M organization: Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Maria surname: Devine fullname: Devine, Maria organization: Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Gabriel surname: Alcoba fullname: Alcoba, Gabriel organization: Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 5 givenname: Francois surname: Chappuis fullname: Chappuis, Francois organization: Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 6 givenname: Daniel J surname: Weiss fullname: Weiss, Daniel J organization: Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – sequence: 7 givenname: Sarah E surname: Ray fullname: Ray, Sarah E organization: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Nicolas surname: Ray fullname: Ray, Nicolas organization: EnviroSPACE Lab, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 9 givenname: David A surname: Warrell fullname: Warrell, David A organization: Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – sequence: 10 givenname: Rafael surname: Ruiz de Castañeda fullname: Ruiz de Castañeda, Rafael organization: Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 11 givenname: David J surname: Williams fullname: Williams, David J organization: Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia – sequence: 12 givenname: Simon I surname: Hay fullname: Hay, Simon I email: sihay@uw.edu organization: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: David M surname: Pigott fullname: Pigott, David M organization: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30017551$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Title | Vulnerability to snakebite envenoming: a global mapping of hotspots |
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