Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration
With the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-caus...
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| Published in: | The Lancet (British edition) Vol. 384; no. 9939; pp. 241 - 248 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Kidlington
Elsevier Ltd
19.07.2014
Elsevier Elsevier Limited |
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| ISSN: | 0140-6736, 1474-547X, 1474-547X |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | With the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-cause mortality and for specific causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011.
Individuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up from March, 1999, until death, loss to follow-up, or Feb 1, 2011, whichever occurred first. The D:A:D study is a collaboration of 11 cohort studies following HIV-1-positive individuals receiving care at 212 clinics in Europe, USA, and Australia. All fatal events were centrally validated at the D:A:D coordinating centre using coding causes of death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. We calculated relative rates using Poisson regression.
3909 of the 49 731 D:A:D study participants died during the 308 719 person-years of follow-up (crude incidence mortality rate, 12·7 per 1000 person-years [95% CI 12·3–13·1]). Leading underlying causes were: AIDS-related (1123 [29%] deaths), non-AIDS-defining cancers (590 [15%] deaths), liver disease (515 [13%] deaths), and cardiovascular disease (436 [11%] deaths). Rates of all-cause death per 1000 person-years decreased from 17·5 in 1999–2000 to 9·1 in 2009–11; we saw similar decreases in death rates per 1000 person-years over the same period for AIDS-related deaths (5·9 to 2·0), deaths from liver disease (2·7 to 0·9), and cardiovascular disease deaths (1·8 to 0·9). However, non-AIDS cancers increased slightly from 1·6 per 1000 person-years in 1999–2000 to 2·1 in 2009–11 (p=0·58). After adjustment for factors that changed over time, including CD4 cell count, we detected no decreases in AIDS-related death rates (relative rate for 2009–11 vs 1999–2000: 0·92 [0·70–1·22]). However, all-cause (0·72 [0·61–0·83]), liver disease (0·48 [0·32–0·74]), and cardiovascular disease (0·33 [0·20–0·53) death rates still decreased over time. The percentage of all deaths that were AIDS-related (87/256 [34%] in 1999–2000 and 141/627 [22%] in 2009–11) and liver-related (40/256 [16%] in 1999–2000 and 64/627 [10%] in 2009–11) decreased over time, whereas non-AIDS cancers increased (24/256 [9%] in 1999–2000 to 142/627 [23%] in 2009–11).
Recent reductions in rates of AIDS-related deaths are linked with continued improvement in CD4 cell count. We hypothesise that the substantially reduced rates of liver disease and cardiovascular disease deaths over time could be explained by improved use of non-HIV-specific preventive interventions. Non-AIDS cancer is now the leading non-AIDS cause and without any evidence of improvement.
Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of Metabolic Complications of HAART, with representatives from academia, patient community, US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and consortium of AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F Hoffmann-La Roche, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. |
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| AbstractList | With the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-cause mortality and for specific causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011.BACKGROUNDWith the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-cause mortality and for specific causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011.Individuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up from March, 1999, until death, loss to follow-up, or Feb 1, 2011, whichever occurred first. The D:A:D study is a collaboration of 11 cohort studies following HIV-1-positive individuals receiving care at 212 clinics in Europe, USA, and Australia. All fatal events were centrally validated at the D:A:D coordinating centre using coding causes of death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. We calculated relative rates using Poisson regression.METHODSIndividuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up from March, 1999, until death, loss to follow-up, or Feb 1, 2011, whichever occurred first. The D:A:D study is a collaboration of 11 cohort studies following HIV-1-positive individuals receiving care at 212 clinics in Europe, USA, and Australia. All fatal events were centrally validated at the D:A:D coordinating centre using coding causes of death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. We calculated relative rates using Poisson regression.3909 of the 49,731 D:A:D study participants died during the 308,719 person-years of follow-up (crude incidence mortality rate, 12.7 per 1000 person-years [95% CI 12.3-13.1]). Leading underlying causes were: AIDS-related (1123 [29%] deaths), non-AIDS-defining cancers (590 [15%] deaths), liver disease (515 [13%] deaths), and cardiovascular disease (436 [11%] deaths). Rates of all-cause death per 1000 person-years decreased from 17.5 in 1999-2000 to 9.1 in 2009-11; we saw similar decreases in death rates per 1000 person-years over the same period for AIDS-related deaths (5.9 to 2.0), deaths from liver disease (2.7 to 0.9), and cardiovascular disease deaths (1.8 to 0.9). However, non-AIDS cancers increased slightly from 1.6 per 1000 person-years in 1999-2000 to 2.1 in 2009-11 (p=0.58). After adjustment for factors that changed over time, including CD4 cell count, we detected no decreases in AIDS-related death rates (relative rate for 2009-11 vs 1999-2000: 0.92 [0.70-1.22]). However, all-cause (0.72 [0.61-0.83]), liver disease (0.48 [0.32-0.74]), and cardiovascular disease (0.33 [0.20-0.53) death rates still decreased over time. The percentage of all deaths that were AIDS-related (87/256 [34%] in 1999-2000 and 141/627 [22%] in 2009-11) and liver-related (40/256 [16%] in 1999-2000 and 64/627 [10%] in 2009-11) decreased over time, whereas non-AIDS cancers increased (24/256 [9%] in 1999-2000 to 142/627 [23%] in 2009-11).FINDINGS3909 of the 49,731 D:A:D study participants died during the 308,719 person-years of follow-up (crude incidence mortality rate, 12.7 per 1000 person-years [95% CI 12.3-13.1]). Leading underlying causes were: AIDS-related (1123 [29%] deaths), non-AIDS-defining cancers (590 [15%] deaths), liver disease (515 [13%] deaths), and cardiovascular disease (436 [11%] deaths). Rates of all-cause death per 1000 person-years decreased from 17.5 in 1999-2000 to 9.1 in 2009-11; we saw similar decreases in death rates per 1000 person-years over the same period for AIDS-related deaths (5.9 to 2.0), deaths from liver disease (2.7 to 0.9), and cardiovascular disease deaths (1.8 to 0.9). However, non-AIDS cancers increased slightly from 1.6 per 1000 person-years in 1999-2000 to 2.1 in 2009-11 (p=0.58). After adjustment for factors that changed over time, including CD4 cell count, we detected no decreases in AIDS-related death rates (relative rate for 2009-11 vs 1999-2000: 0.92 [0.70-1.22]). However, all-cause (0.72 [0.61-0.83]), liver disease (0.48 [0.32-0.74]), and cardiovascular disease (0.33 [0.20-0.53) death rates still decreased over time. The percentage of all deaths that were AIDS-related (87/256 [34%] in 1999-2000 and 141/627 [22%] in 2009-11) and liver-related (40/256 [16%] in 1999-2000 and 64/627 [10%] in 2009-11) decreased over time, whereas non-AIDS cancers increased (24/256 [9%] in 1999-2000 to 142/627 [23%] in 2009-11).Recent reductions in rates of AIDS-related deaths are linked with continued improvement in CD4 cell count. We hypothesise that the substantially reduced rates of liver disease and cardiovascular disease deaths over time could be explained by improved use of non-HIV-specific preventive interventions. Non-AIDS cancer is now the leading non-AIDS cause and without any evidence of improvement.INTERPRETATIONRecent reductions in rates of AIDS-related deaths are linked with continued improvement in CD4 cell count. We hypothesise that the substantially reduced rates of liver disease and cardiovascular disease deaths over time could be explained by improved use of non-HIV-specific preventive interventions. Non-AIDS cancer is now the leading non-AIDS cause and without any evidence of improvement.Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of Metabolic Complications of HAART, with representatives from academia, patient community, US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and consortium of AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F Hoffmann-La Roche, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals.FUNDINGOversight Committee for the Evaluation of Metabolic Complications of HAART, with representatives from academia, patient community, US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and consortium of AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F Hoffmann-La Roche, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. With the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-cause mortality and for specific causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011. Individuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up from March, 1999, until death, loss to follow-up, or Feb 1, 2011, whichever occurred first. The D:A:D study is a collaboration of 11 cohort studies following HIV-1-positive individuals receiving care at 212 clinics in Europe, USA, and Australia. All fatal events were centrally validated at the D:A:D coordinating centre using coding causes of death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. We calculated relative rates using Poisson regression. 3909 of the 49,731 D:A:D study participants died during the 308,719 person-years of follow-up (crude incidence mortality rate, 12.7 per 1000 person-years [95% CI 12.3-13.1]). Leading underlying causes were: AIDS-related (1123 [29%] deaths), non-AIDS-defining cancers (590 [15%] deaths), liver disease (515 [13%] deaths), and cardiovascular disease (436 [11%] deaths). Rates of all-cause death per 1000 person-years decreased from 17.5 in 1999-2000 to 9.1 in 2009-11; we saw similar decreases in death rates per 1000 person-years over the same period for AIDS-related deaths (5.9 to 2.0), deaths from liver disease (2.7 to 0.9), and cardiovascular disease deaths (1.8 to 0.9). However, non-AIDS cancers increased slightly from 1.6 per 1000 person-years in 1999-2000 to 2.1 in 2009-11 (p=0.58). After adjustment for factors that changed over time, including CD4 cell count, we detected no decreases in AIDS-related death rates (relative rate for 2009-11 vs 1999-2000: 0.92 [0.70-1.22]). However, all-cause (0.72 [0.61-0.83]), liver disease (0.48 [0.32-0.74]), and cardiovascular disease (0.33 [0.20-0.53) death rates still decreased over time. The percentage of all deaths that were AIDS-related (87/256 [34%] in 1999-2000 and 141/627 [22%] in 2009-11) and liver-related (40/256 [16%] in 1999-2000 and 64/627 [10%] in 2009-11) decreased over time, whereas non-AIDS cancers increased (24/256 [9%] in 1999-2000 to 142/627 [23%] in 2009-11). Recent reductions in rates of AIDS-related deaths are linked with continued improvement in CD4 cell count. We hypothesise that the substantially reduced rates of liver disease and cardiovascular disease deaths over time could be explained by improved use of non-HIV-specific preventive interventions. Non-AIDS cancer is now the leading non-AIDS cause and without any evidence of improvement. Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of Metabolic Complications of HAART, with representatives from academia, patient community, US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and consortium of AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F Hoffmann-La Roche, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. With the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-cause mortality and for specific causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011. Individuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up from March, 1999, until death, loss to follow-up, or Feb 1, 2011, whichever occurred first. The D:A:D study is a collaboration of 11 cohort studies following HIV-1-positive individuals receiving care at 212 clinics in Europe, USA, and Australia. All fatal events were centrally validated at the D:A:D coordinating centre using coding causes of death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. We calculated relative rates using Poisson regression. 3909 of the 49 731 D:A:D study participants died during the 308 719 person-years of follow-up (crude incidence mortality rate, 12·7 per 1000 person-years [95% CI 12·3–13·1]). Leading underlying causes were: AIDS-related (1123 [29%] deaths), non-AIDS-defining cancers (590 [15%] deaths), liver disease (515 [13%] deaths), and cardiovascular disease (436 [11%] deaths). Rates of all-cause death per 1000 person-years decreased from 17·5 in 1999–2000 to 9·1 in 2009–11; we saw similar decreases in death rates per 1000 person-years over the same period for AIDS-related deaths (5·9 to 2·0), deaths from liver disease (2·7 to 0·9), and cardiovascular disease deaths (1·8 to 0·9). However, non-AIDS cancers increased slightly from 1·6 per 1000 person-years in 1999–2000 to 2·1 in 2009–11 (p=0·58). After adjustment for factors that changed over time, including CD4 cell count, we detected no decreases in AIDS-related death rates (relative rate for 2009–11 vs 1999–2000: 0·92 [0·70–1·22]). However, all-cause (0·72 [0·61–0·83]), liver disease (0·48 [0·32–0·74]), and cardiovascular disease (0·33 [0·20–0·53) death rates still decreased over time. The percentage of all deaths that were AIDS-related (87/256 [34%] in 1999–2000 and 141/627 [22%] in 2009–11) and liver-related (40/256 [16%] in 1999–2000 and 64/627 [10%] in 2009–11) decreased over time, whereas non-AIDS cancers increased (24/256 [9%] in 1999–2000 to 142/627 [23%] in 2009–11). Recent reductions in rates of AIDS-related deaths are linked with continued improvement in CD4 cell count. We hypothesise that the substantially reduced rates of liver disease and cardiovascular disease deaths over time could be explained by improved use of non-HIV-specific preventive interventions. Non-AIDS cancer is now the leading non-AIDS cause and without any evidence of improvement. Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of Metabolic Complications of HAART, with representatives from academia, patient community, US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and consortium of AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F Hoffmann-La Roche, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Summary Background With the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-cause mortality and for specific causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011. Methods Individuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up from March, 1999, until death, loss to follow-up, or Feb 1, 2011, whichever occurred first. The D:A:D study is a collaboration of 11 cohort studies following HIV-1-positive individuals receiving care at 212 clinics in Europe, USA, and Australia. All fatal events were centrally validated at the D:A:D coordinating centre using coding causes of death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. We calculated relative rates using Poisson regression. Findings 3909 of the 49 731 D:A:D study participants died during the 308 719 person-years of follow-up (crude incidence mortality rate, 12·7 per 1000 person-years [95% CI 12·3–13·1]). Leading underlying causes were: AIDS-related (1123 [29%] deaths), non-AIDS-defining cancers (590 [15%] deaths), liver disease (515 [13%] deaths), and cardiovascular disease (436 [11%] deaths). Rates of all-cause death per 1000 person-years decreased from 17·5 in 1999–2000 to 9·1 in 2009–11; we saw similar decreases in death rates per 1000 person-years over the same period for AIDS-related deaths (5·9 to 2·0), deaths from liver disease (2·7 to 0·9), and cardiovascular disease deaths (1·8 to 0·9). However, non-AIDS cancers increased slightly from 1·6 per 1000 person-years in 1999–2000 to 2·1 in 2009–11 (p=0·58). After adjustment for factors that changed over time, including CD4 cell count, we detected no decreases in AIDS-related death rates (relative rate for 2009–11 vs 1999–2000: 0·92 [0·70–1·22]). However, all-cause (0·72 [0·61–0·83]), liver disease (0·48 [0·32–0·74]), and cardiovascular disease (0·33 [0·20–0·53) death rates still decreased over time. The percentage of all deaths that were AIDS-related (87/256 [34%] in 1999–2000 and 141/627 [22%] in 2009–11) and liver-related (40/256 [16%] in 1999–2000 and 64/627 [10%] in 2009–11) decreased over time, whereas non-AIDS cancers increased (24/256 [9%] in 1999–2000 to 142/627 [23%] in 2009–11). Interpretation Recent reductions in rates of AIDS-related deaths are linked with continued improvement in CD4 cell count. We hypothesise that the substantially reduced rates of liver disease and cardiovascular disease deaths over time could be explained by improved use of non-HIV-specific preventive interventions. Non-AIDS cancer is now the leading non-AIDS cause and without any evidence of improvement. Funding Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of Metabolic Complications of HAART, with representatives from academia, patient community, US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and consortium of AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F Hoffmann-La Roche, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. With the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy for people with HIV is now approaching that seen in the general population. Consequently, the relative importance of other traditionally non-AIDS-related morbidities has increased. We investigated trends over time in all-cause mortality and for specific causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011. Methods Individuals from the Data collection on Adverse events of anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up from March, 1999, until death, loss to follow-up, or Feb 1, 2011, whichever occurred first. The D:A:D study is a collaboration of 11 cohort studies following HIV-1-positive individuals receiving care at 212 clinics in Europe, USA, and Australia. All fatal events were centrally validated at the D:A:D coordinating centre using coding causes of death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. We calculated relative rates using Poisson regression. Findings 3909 of the 49 731 D:A:D study participants died during the 308 719 person-years of follow-up (crude incidence mortality rate, 12·7 per 1000 person-years [95% CI 12·3-13·1]). Leading underlying causes were: AIDS-related (1123 [29%] deaths), non-AIDS-defining cancers (590 [15%] deaths), liver disease (515 [13%] deaths), and cardiovascular disease (436 [11%] deaths). Rates of all-cause death per 1000 person-years decreased from 17·5 in 1999-2000 to 9·1 in 2009-11; we saw similar decreases in death rates per 1000 person-years over the same period for AIDS-related deaths (5·9 to 2·0), deaths from liver disease (2·7 to 0·9), and cardiovascular disease deaths (1·8 to 0·9). However, non-AIDS cancers increased slightly from 1·6 per 1000 person-years in 1999-2000 to 2·1 in 2009-11 (p=0·58). After adjustment for factors that changed over time, including CD4 cell count, we detected no decreases in AIDS-related death rates (relative rate for 2009-11vs1999-2000: 0·92 [0·70-1·22]). However, all-cause (0·72 [0·61-0·83]), liver disease (0·48 [0·32-0·74]), and cardiovascular disease (0·33 [0·20-0·53) death rates still decreased over time. The percentage of all deaths that were AIDS-related (87/256 [34%] in 1999-2000 and 141/627 [22%] in 2009-11) and liver-related (40/256 [16%] in 1999-2000 and 64/627 [10%] in 2009-11) decreased over time, whereas non-AIDS cancers increased (24/256 [9%] in 1999-2000 to 142/627 [23%] in 2009-11). Interpretation Recent reductions in rates of AIDS-related deaths are linked with continued improvement in CD4 cell count. We hypothesise that the substantially reduced rates of liver disease and cardiovascular disease deaths over time could be explained by improved use of non-HIV-specific preventive interventions. Non-AIDS cancer is now the leading non-AIDS cause and without any evidence of improvement. Funding Oversight Committee for the Evaluation of Metabolic Complications of HAART, with representatives from academia, patient community, US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and consortium of AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F Hoffmann-La Roche, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. |
| Author | Friis-Moller, Nina Smith, Colette J Reiss, Peter Phillips, Andrew N Lundgren, Jens D Ryom, Lene Pradier, Christian el Sadr, Wafaa Kowalska, Justyna D de Wit, Stephane Monforte, Antonella d'Arminio Weber, Rainer Morlat, Philippe Kirk, Ole Sabin, Caroline A Law, Matthew |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Colette J surname: Smith fullname: Smith, Colette J email: c.smith@ucl.ac.uk organization: Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Lene surname: Ryom fullname: Ryom, Lene organization: CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases , Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark – sequence: 3 givenname: Rainer surname: Weber fullname: Weber, Rainer organization: Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland – sequence: 4 givenname: Philippe surname: Morlat fullname: Morlat, Philippe organization: Service de Medecine Intern et Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de Bordeaux, Universite Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France – sequence: 5 givenname: Christian surname: Pradier fullname: Pradier, Christian organization: Department of Public Health, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France – sequence: 6 givenname: Peter surname: Reiss fullname: Reiss, Peter organization: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, and Stichting HIV Monitoring, Netherlands – sequence: 7 givenname: Justyna D surname: Kowalska fullname: Kowalska, Justyna D organization: Department of Adult's Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland – sequence: 8 givenname: Stephane surname: de Wit fullname: de Wit, Stephane organization: Department of Infectious Diseases, St Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium – sequence: 9 givenname: Matthew surname: Law fullname: Law, Matthew organization: The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia – sequence: 10 givenname: Wafaa surname: el Sadr fullname: el Sadr, Wafaa organization: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Ole surname: Kirk fullname: Kirk, Ole organization: CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases , Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark – sequence: 12 givenname: Nina surname: Friis-Moller fullname: Friis-Moller, Nina organization: Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Denmark – sequence: 13 givenname: Antonella d'Arminio surname: Monforte fullname: Monforte, Antonella d'Arminio organization: Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo University Hospital, Milan, Italy – sequence: 14 givenname: Andrew N surname: Phillips fullname: Phillips, Andrew N organization: Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK – sequence: 15 givenname: Caroline A surname: Sabin fullname: Sabin, Caroline A organization: Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK – sequence: 16 givenname: Jens D surname: Lundgren fullname: Lundgren, Jens D organization: CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases , Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28691043$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042234$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2014 Elsevier Ltd Elsevier Ltd 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright Elsevier Limited Jul 19, 2014 |
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| Keywords | Immunopathology Mortality Retroviridae Trend AIDS Immune deficiency Lentivirus Infection Virus Medicine Etiology Viral disease Cooperation Cause Death Human immunodeficiency virus Causality 1999 |
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| SubjectTerms | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - mortality Adult AIDS Antiretroviral agents Antiretroviral drugs Australia - epidemiology Biological and medical sciences Cardiovascular diseases Cause of Death - trends Data collection Europe - epidemiology Female General aspects HIV HIV Infections - mortality Human immunodeficiency virus Human viral diseases Humans Immunodeficiencies Immunodeficiencies. Immunoglobulinopathies Immunopathology Infectious diseases Internal Medicine Life expectancy Liver Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Mortality Poisson Distribution Public health Risk Factors United States - epidemiology Viral diseases Viral diseases of the lymphoid tissue and the blood. Aids |
| Title | Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration |
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