Electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex enhances slow-frequency EEG activity and sleepiness

•5Hz more than 0.8Hz anodal tDCS is effective in inducing EEG synchronization.•5Hz anodal tDCS as compared to sham induces an enhancement of sleepiness.•Cortical topography of delta EEG changes is regionally related to sleepiness. Our aim was to enhance the spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity du...

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Vydané v:	Neuroscience Ročník 324; s. 119 - 130
Hlavní autori:	D’Atri, A., De Simoni, E., Gorgoni, M., Ferrara, M., Ferlazzo, F., Rossini, P.M., De Gennaro, L.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States Elsevier Ltd 02.06.2016
Predmet:	Adolescent Adult Delta Rhythm - physiology EEG synchronization Electroencephalography Female frontal cortex Frontal Lobe - physiology Humans Linear Models Neurology oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (osc-tDCS) Polysomnography Rest resting EEG Single-Blind Method Sleep - physiology sleep onset sleepiness Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation - methods Young Adult resting EEG AC tCS tACS sleep onset sleepiness oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (osc-tDCS) frontal cortex tDCS EEG synchronization EOG ANOVAs EMG DC electrooculogram transcranial alternating current stimulation transcranial current stimulation electromyogram transcranial direct current stimulation Analyses of Variance time-varying currents
ISSN:	0306-4522, 1873-7544
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Abstract	•5Hz more than 0.8Hz anodal tDCS is effective in inducing EEG synchronization.•5Hz anodal tDCS as compared to sham induces an enhancement of sleepiness.•Cortical topography of delta EEG changes is regionally related to sleepiness. Our aim was to enhance the spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity during the resting state using oscillating transcranial direct currents (tDCS) with a stimulation frequency that resembles the spontaneous oscillations of sleep onset. Accordingly, in this preliminary study, we assessed EEG after-effects of a frontal oscillatory tDCS with different frequency (0.8 vs. 5Hz) and polarity (anodal, cathodal, and sham). Two single-blind experiments compared the after effects on the resting EEG of oscillatory tDCS [Exp. 1=0.8Hz, 10 subjects (26.2±2.5years); Exp. 2=5Hz, 10 subjects (27.4±2.4years)] by manipulating its polarity. EEG signals recorded (28 scalp derivations) before and after stimulation [slow oscillations (0.5–1Hz), delta (1–4Hz), theta (5–7Hz), alpha (8–12Hz), beta 1 (13–15Hz) and beta 2 (16–24Hz)] were compared between conditions as a function of polarity (anodal vs. cathodal vs. sham) and frequency of stimulation (0.8 vs. 5Hz). We found a significant relative enhancement of the delta activity after the anodal tDCS at 5Hz compared to that at 0.8Hz. This increase, even though not reaching the statistical significance compared to sham, is concomitant to a significant increase of subjective sleepiness, as assessed by a visual analog scale. These two phenomena are linearly related with a regional specificity, correlations being restricted to cortical areas perifocal to the stimulation site. We have shown that a frontal oscillating anodal tDCS at 5Hz results in an effective change of both subjective sleepiness and spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity. These changes are critically associated to both stimulation polarity (anodal) and frequency (5Hz). However, evidence of frequency-dependence seems more unequivocal than evidence of polarity-dependence.
AbstractList	•5Hz more than 0.8Hz anodal tDCS is effective in inducing EEG synchronization.•5Hz anodal tDCS as compared to sham induces an enhancement of sleepiness.•Cortical topography of delta EEG changes is regionally related to sleepiness. Our aim was to enhance the spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity during the resting state using oscillating transcranial direct currents (tDCS) with a stimulation frequency that resembles the spontaneous oscillations of sleep onset. Accordingly, in this preliminary study, we assessed EEG after-effects of a frontal oscillatory tDCS with different frequency (0.8 vs. 5Hz) and polarity (anodal, cathodal, and sham). Two single-blind experiments compared the after effects on the resting EEG of oscillatory tDCS [Exp. 1=0.8Hz, 10 subjects (26.2±2.5years); Exp. 2=5Hz, 10 subjects (27.4±2.4years)] by manipulating its polarity. EEG signals recorded (28 scalp derivations) before and after stimulation [slow oscillations (0.5–1Hz), delta (1–4Hz), theta (5–7Hz), alpha (8–12Hz), beta 1 (13–15Hz) and beta 2 (16–24Hz)] were compared between conditions as a function of polarity (anodal vs. cathodal vs. sham) and frequency of stimulation (0.8 vs. 5Hz). We found a significant relative enhancement of the delta activity after the anodal tDCS at 5Hz compared to that at 0.8Hz. This increase, even though not reaching the statistical significance compared to sham, is concomitant to a significant increase of subjective sleepiness, as assessed by a visual analog scale. These two phenomena are linearly related with a regional specificity, correlations being restricted to cortical areas perifocal to the stimulation site. We have shown that a frontal oscillating anodal tDCS at 5Hz results in an effective change of both subjective sleepiness and spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity. These changes are critically associated to both stimulation polarity (anodal) and frequency (5Hz). However, evidence of frequency-dependence seems more unequivocal than evidence of polarity-dependence. Our aim was to enhance the spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity during the resting state using oscillating transcranial direct currents (tDCS) with a stimulation frequency that resembles the spontaneous oscillations of sleep onset. Accordingly, in this preliminary study, we assessed EEG after-effects of a frontal oscillatory tDCS with different frequency (0.8 vs. 5Hz) and polarity (anodal, cathodal, and sham). Two single-blind experiments compared the after effects on the resting EEG of oscillatory tDCS [Exp. 1=0.8Hz, 10 subjects (26.2 plus or minus 2.5years); Exp. 2=5Hz, 10 subjects (27.4 plus or minus 2.4years)] by manipulating its polarity. EEG signals recorded (28 scalp derivations) before and after stimulation [slow oscillations (0.5-1Hz), delta (1-4Hz), theta (5-7Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), beta 1 (13-15Hz) and beta 2 (16-24Hz)] were compared between conditions as a function of polarity (anodal vs. cathodal vs. sham) and frequency of stimulation (0.8 vs. 5Hz). We found a significant relative enhancement of the delta activity after the anodal tDCS at 5Hz compared to that at 0.8Hz. This increase, even though not reaching the statistical significance compared to sham, is concomitant to a significant increase of subjective sleepiness, as assessed by a visual analog scale. These two phenomena are linearly related with a regional specificity, correlations being restricted to cortical areas perifocal to the stimulation site. We have shown that a frontal oscillating anodal tDCS at 5Hz results in an effective change of both subjective sleepiness and spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity. These changes are critically associated to both stimulation polarity (anodal) and frequency (5Hz). However, evidence of frequency-dependence seems more unequivocal than evidence of polarity-dependence. Our aim was to enhance the spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity during the resting state using oscillating transcranial direct currents (tDCS) with a stimulation frequency that resembles the spontaneous oscillations of sleep onset. Accordingly, in this preliminary study, we assessed EEG after-effects of a frontal oscillatory tDCS with different frequency (0.8 vs. 5 Hz) and polarity (anodal, cathodal, and sham). Two single-blind experiments compared the after effects on the resting EEG of oscillatory tDCS [Exp. 1=0.8 Hz, 10 subjects (26.2 ± 2.5 years); Exp. 2=5 Hz, 10 subjects (27.4 ± 2.4 years)] by manipulating its polarity. EEG signals recorded (28 scalp derivations) before and after stimulation [slow oscillations (0.5-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), theta (5-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta 1 (13-15 Hz) and beta 2 (16-24 Hz)] were compared between conditions as a function of polarity (anodal vs. cathodal vs. sham) and frequency of stimulation (0.8 vs. 5 Hz). We found a significant relative enhancement of the delta activity after the anodal tDCS at 5 Hz compared to that at 0.8 Hz. This increase, even though not reaching the statistical significance compared to sham, is concomitant to a significant increase of subjective sleepiness, as assessed by a visual analog scale. These two phenomena are linearly related with a regional specificity, correlations being restricted to cortical areas perifocal to the stimulation site. We have shown that a frontal oscillating anodal tDCS at 5 Hz results in an effective change of both subjective sleepiness and spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity. These changes are critically associated to both stimulation polarity (anodal) and frequency (5 Hz). However, evidence of frequency-dependence seems more unequivocal than evidence of polarity-dependence. Highlights • 5 Hz more than 0.8 Hz anodal tDCS is effective in inducing EEG synchronization. • 5 Hz anodal tDCS as compared to sham induces an enhancement of sleepiness. • Cortical topography of delta EEG changes is regionally related to sleepiness.
Author	De Gennaro, L. D’Atri, A. Ferrara, M. Ferlazzo, F. Rossini, P.M. De Simoni, E. Gorgoni, M.
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Keywords	resting EEG AC tCS tACS sleep onset sleepiness oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (osc-tDCS) frontal cortex tDCS EEG synchronization EOG ANOVAs EMG DC electrooculogram transcranial alternating current stimulation transcranial current stimulation electromyogram transcranial direct current stimulation Analyses of Variance time-varying currents
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Snippet	•5Hz more than 0.8Hz anodal tDCS is effective in inducing EEG synchronization.•5Hz anodal tDCS as compared to sham induces an enhancement of... Highlights • 5 Hz more than 0.8 Hz anodal tDCS is effective in inducing EEG synchronization. • 5 Hz anodal tDCS as compared to sham induces an enhancement of... Our aim was to enhance the spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity during the resting state using oscillating transcranial direct currents (tDCS) with a...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Delta Rhythm - physiology EEG synchronization Electroencephalography Female frontal cortex Frontal Lobe - physiology Humans Linear Models Neurology oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (osc-tDCS) Polysomnography Rest resting EEG Single-Blind Method Sleep - physiology sleep onset sleepiness Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation - methods Young Adult
Title	Electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex enhances slow-frequency EEG activity and sleepiness
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