Towards sustainable additive manufacturing: The need for awareness of particle and vapor releases during polymer recycling, making filament, and fused filament fabrication 3-D printing

Fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (FFF 3-D) printing is thought to be environmentally sustainable; however, significant amounts of waste can be generated from this technology. One way to improve its sustainability is via distributed recycling of plastics in homes, schools, and libraries t...

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Veröffentlicht in:Resources, conservation and recycling Jg. 176; S. 105911
Hauptverfasser: Stefaniak, Aleksandr B., Bowers, Lauren N., Cottrell, Gabe, Erdem, Ergin, Knepp, Alycia K., Martin, Stephen B., Pretty, Jack, Duling, Matthew G., Arnold, Elizabeth D., Wilson, Zachary, Krider, Benjamin, Fortner, Alyson R., LeBouf, Ryan F., Virji, M. Abbas, Sirinterlikci, Arif
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.01.2022
Schlagworte:
3-D printing
acetone
benzene
Circular economy
ethylbenzene
feedstocks
formaldehyde
gas exchange
Health
hygiene
Libraries
lungs
manganese
mucus
Plastics
polylactic acid
polypropylenes
polystyrenes
Schools
styrene
vapors
wastes
3-D printing
Libraries
Circular economy
Plastics
Health
Schools
ISSN:0921-3449, 1879-0658
Online-Zugang:Volltext
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Zusammenfassung:Fused filament fabrication three-dimensional (FFF 3-D) printing is thought to be environmentally sustainable; however, significant amounts of waste can be generated from this technology. One way to improve its sustainability is via distributed recycling of plastics in homes, schools, and libraries to create feedstock filament for printing. Risks from exposures incurred during recycling and reuse of plastics has not been incorporated into life cycle assessments. This study characterized contaminant releases from virgin (unextruded) and recycled plastics from filament production through FFF 3-D printing. Waste polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastics were recycled to create filament; virgin PLA, ABS, high and low density polyethylenes, high impact polystyrene, and polypropylene pellets were also extruded into filament. The release of particles and chemicals into school classrooms was evaluated using standard industrial hygiene methodologies. All tasks released particles that contained hazardous metals (e.g., manganese) and with size capable of depositing in the gas exchange region of the lung, i.e., granulation of waste PLA and ABS (667 to 714 nm) and filament making (608 to 711 nm) and FFF 3-D printing (616 to 731 nm) with waste and virgin plastics. All tasks released vapors, including respiratory irritants and potential carcinogens (benzene and formaldehyde), mucus membrane irritants (acetone, xylenes, ethylbenzene, and methyl methacrylate), and asthmagens (styrene, multiple carbonyl compounds). These data are useful for incorporating risks of exposure to hazardous contaminants in future life cycle evaluations to demonstrate the sustainability and circular economy potential of FFF 3-D printing in distributed spaces. [Display omitted]
Bibliographie:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
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Aleksandr B. Stefaniak: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – Original draft, Supervision, Funding acquisition; Lauren N. Bowers: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization; Gabe Cottrell: Investigation, Resources; Ergin Erdem: Investigation, Resources; Alycia K. Knepp: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization; Stephen B. Martin, Jr.: Validation, Investigation; Jack Pretty: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing; Matthew G. Duling: Investigation; Elizabeth D. Arnold: Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization; Zack Wilson: Investigation; Benjamin Krider: Investigation; Alyson R. Fortner: Investigation; Ryan F. LeBouf: Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing; M. Abbas Virji: Formal analysis, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization; Arif Sirinterlikci: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing.
Author contributions
ISSN:0921-3449
1879-0658
DOI:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105911