A Review on the Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas9/Cas12/Cas13/Cas14 Proteins Utilized for Genome Engineering

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research offering enormous options in manipulating, detecting, imaging, and annotating specific DNA or RNA sequences of diverse organisms. This system inc...

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Vydáno v:	Molecular biotechnology Ročník 65; číslo 3; s. 311 - 325
Hlavní autoři:	Hillary, V. Edwin, Ceasar, S. Antony
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	New York Springer US 01.03.2023 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Arrays Biochemistry Biological Techniques Biotechnology Cell Biology Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Coronaviruses COVID-19 CRISPR CRISPR-associated proteins CRISPR-Cas Systems Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Gene Editing - methods Gene sequencing genome Genome editing Genomes gRNA Human Genetics Humans Nucleic acids Nucleotide sequence Protein Science Proteins researchers Review Paper Ribonucleic acid RNA SARS-CoV-2 - genetics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spacers Viral diseases CRISPR DETECTR Genome engineering SHERLOCK Cas system
ISSN:	1073-6085, 1559-0305, 1559-0305
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Abstract	The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research offering enormous options in manipulating, detecting, imaging, and annotating specific DNA or RNA sequences of diverse organisms. This system incorporates fragments of foreign DNA (spacers) into CRISPR cassettes, which are further transcribed into the CRISPR arrays and then processed to make guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR arrays are genes that encode Cas proteins. Cas proteins provide the enzymatic machinery required for acquiring new spacers targeting invading elements. Due to programmable sequence specificity, numerous Cas proteins such as Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 have been exploited to develop new tools for genome engineering. Cas variants stimulated genetic research and propelled the CRISPR/Cas tool for manipulating and editing nucleic acid sequences of living cells of diverse organisms. This review aims to provide detail on two classes (class 1 and 2) of the CRISPR/Cas system, and the mechanisms of all Cas proteins, including Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 discovered so far. In addition, we also discuss the pros and cons and recent applications of various Cas proteins in diverse fields, including those used to detect viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review enables the researcher to gain knowledge on various Cas proteins and their applications, which have the potential to be used in next-generation precise genome engineering.
AbstractList	The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research offering enormous options in manipulating, detecting, imaging, and annotating specific DNA or RNA sequences of diverse organisms. This system incorporates fragments of foreign DNA (spacers) into CRISPR cassettes, which are further transcribed into the CRISPR arrays and then processed to make guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR arrays are genes that encode Cas proteins. Cas proteins provide the enzymatic machinery required for acquiring new spacers targeting invading elements. Due to programmable sequence specificity, numerous Cas proteins such as Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 have been exploited to develop new tools for genome engineering. Cas variants stimulated genetic research and propelled the CRISPR/Cas tool for manipulating and editing nucleic acid sequences of living cells of diverse organisms. This review aims to provide detail on two classes (class 1 and 2) of the CRISPR/Cas system, and the mechanisms of all Cas proteins, including Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 discovered so far. In addition, we also discuss the pros and cons and recent applications of various Cas proteins in diverse fields, including those used to detect viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review enables the researcher to gain knowledge on various Cas proteins and their applications, which have the potential to be used in next-generation precise genome engineering. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research offering enormous options in manipulating, detecting, imaging, and annotating specific DNA or RNA sequences of diverse organisms. This system incorporates fragments of foreign DNA (spacers) into CRISPR cassettes, which are further transcribed into the CRISPR arrays and then processed to make guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR arrays are genes that encode Cas proteins. Cas proteins provide the enzymatic machinery required for acquiring new spacers targeting invading elements. Due to programmable sequence specificity, numerous Cas proteins such as Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 have been exploited to develop new tools for genome engineering. Cas variants stimulated genetic research and propelled the CRISPR/Cas tool for manipulating and editing nucleic acid sequences of living cells of diverse organisms. This review aims to provide detail on two classes (class 1 and 2) of the CRISPR/Cas system, and the mechanisms of all Cas proteins, including Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 discovered so far. In addition, we also discuss the pros and cons and recent applications of various Cas proteins in diverse fields, including those used to detect viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review enables the researcher to gain knowledge on various Cas proteins and their applications, which have the potential to be used in next-generation precise genome engineering.The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research offering enormous options in manipulating, detecting, imaging, and annotating specific DNA or RNA sequences of diverse organisms. This system incorporates fragments of foreign DNA (spacers) into CRISPR cassettes, which are further transcribed into the CRISPR arrays and then processed to make guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR arrays are genes that encode Cas proteins. Cas proteins provide the enzymatic machinery required for acquiring new spacers targeting invading elements. Due to programmable sequence specificity, numerous Cas proteins such as Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 have been exploited to develop new tools for genome engineering. Cas variants stimulated genetic research and propelled the CRISPR/Cas tool for manipulating and editing nucleic acid sequences of living cells of diverse organisms. This review aims to provide detail on two classes (class 1 and 2) of the CRISPR/Cas system, and the mechanisms of all Cas proteins, including Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 discovered so far. In addition, we also discuss the pros and cons and recent applications of various Cas proteins in diverse fields, including those used to detect viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review enables the researcher to gain knowledge on various Cas proteins and their applications, which have the potential to be used in next-generation precise genome engineering.
Author	Hillary, V. Edwin Ceasar, S. Antony
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: V. Edwin orcidid: 0000-0002-6208-5332 surname: Hillary fullname: Hillary, V. Edwin organization: Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences – sequence: 2 givenname: S. Antony orcidid: 0000-0003-4106-1531 surname: Ceasar fullname: Ceasar, S. Antony email: antony_sm2003@yahoo.co.in organization: Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36163606$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has altered life science research...
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SubjectTerms	Arrays Biochemistry Biological Techniques Biotechnology Cell Biology Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Coronaviruses COVID-19 CRISPR CRISPR-associated proteins CRISPR-Cas Systems Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Gene Editing - methods Gene sequencing genome Genome editing Genomes gRNA Human Genetics Humans Nucleic acids Nucleotide sequence Protein Science Proteins researchers Review Paper Ribonucleic acid RNA SARS-CoV-2 - genetics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Spacers Viral diseases
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Title	A Review on the Mechanism and Applications of CRISPR/Cas9/Cas12/Cas13/Cas14 Proteins Utilized for Genome Engineering
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