Early changes in respiratory quotient and resting energy expenditure predict later weight changes in patients treated for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogues, or diet. A total of 67 patients (age: 57±9 years; BMI: 33.7±5.0k...

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Published in:	Diabetes & metabolism Vol. 40; no. 4; pp. 299 - 304
Main Authors:	Gonzalez, C., Fagour, C., Maury, E., Cherifi, B., Salandini, S., Pierreisnard, A., Masquefa-Giraud, P., Gin, H., Rigalleau, V.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Paris Elsevier Masson SAS 01.09.2014 Masson
Subjects:	Aged Biological and medical sciences Blood Glucose - drug effects Blood Glucose - metabolism Body Weight - drug effects Cohort Studies Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) Endocrinology & Metabolism Endocrinopathies Energy Metabolism - drug effects Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance Female Glycated Hemoglobin A - metabolism Humans Insulin - administration & dosage Insulin - analogs & derivatives Insulin therapy Internal Medicine Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Respiratory quotient Respiratory Rate - drug effects Rest Resting energy expenditure Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Insulin therapy GLP-1 REE Resting energy expenditure T2D Respiratory quotient BMI RQ body mass index glucagon-like peptide-1 Endocrinopathy Human Pancreatic hormone Controlled diabetes Metabolic diseases Insulin
ISSN:	1262-3636, 1878-1780, 1878-1780
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Abstract	This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogues, or diet. A total of 67 patients (age: 57±9 years; BMI: 33.7±5.0kg/m2; HbA1c: 9.9±1.5%) began taking an insulin analogue at bedtime (INS, n=28; initial dose: 0.2 IU/kg) or a GLP-1 analogue (GLP-1, n=23), or only a dietary intervention (diet, n=16; restricted carbohydrates and calories). Their respiratory exchanges were monitored on days 0, 1 and 2 before breakfast. Two days after starting the bedtime insulin analogue, fasting glycaemia improved (INS: −65±41mg/dL; GLP-1: −29±48mg/dL; diet: −31±46mg/dL; P<0.05), REE decreased (INS: −162±241kcal/24h; GLP-1: 0±141kcal/24h; diet: −41±154kcal/24h; P<0.05) and RQ increased (from 0.76±0.04 to 0.80±0.04; P<0.01), whereas only RQ decreased with diet (from 0.79±0.05 to 0.76±0.04; P<0.05) and remained unchanged with GLP-1 (P<0.005 for ΔRQ across treatments). Only 33 patients attended the scheduled examination three months later. HbA1c improved (INS, n=16: −1.7±1.4%; GLP-1, n=12: −2.1±1.4%; diet, n=5: −1.7±2.8%; NS), while weight changes differed (INS: +1.5±4.3kg; GLP-1: −2.8±2.8kg; diet: −2.2±2.7kg; P<0.005). After three months, weight changes correlated with early changes in REE (r=−0.37, P<0.05) and RQ (r=+0.43, P<0.01), and remained correlated when both changes were included in a multivariate regression analysis (r=0.58, P<0.005). In poorly controlled patients with T2D and two days after the introduction of a bedtime insulin analogue, REE decreased by −9% while RQ increased by +5%, pointing to a reduction of lipid oxidation. These changes were predictive of later weight gain.
AbstractList	This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogues, or diet. A total of 67 patients (age: 57 ± 9 years; BMI: 33.7 ± 5.0 kg/m(2); HbA1c: 9.9 ± 1.5%) began taking an insulin analogue at bedtime (INS, n=28; initial dose: 0.2 IU/kg) or a GLP-1 analogue (GLP-1, n=23), or only a dietary intervention (diet, n=16; restricted carbohydrates and calories). Their respiratory exchanges were monitored on days 0, 1 and 2 before breakfast. Two days after starting the bedtime insulin analogue, fasting glycaemia improved (INS: -65 ± 41 mg/dL; GLP-1: -29 ± 48 mg/dL; diet: -31 ± 46 mg/dL; P<0.05), REE decreased (INS: -162 ± 241 kcal/24h; GLP-1: 0 ± 141 kcal/24h; diet: -41 ± 154 kcal/24h; P<0.05) and RQ increased (from 0.76 ± 0.04 to 0.80 ± 0.04; P<0.01), whereas only RQ decreased with diet (from 0.79 ± 0.05 to 0.76 ± 0.04; P<0.05) and remained unchanged with GLP-1 (P<0.005 for ΔRQ across treatments). Only 33 patients attended the scheduled examination three months later. HbA1c improved (INS, n=16: -1.7 ± 1.4%; GLP-1, n=12: -2.1 ± 1.4%; diet, n=5: -1.7 ± 2.8%; NS), while weight changes differed (INS: +1.5 ± 4.3 kg; GLP-1: -2.8 ± 2.8 kg; diet: -2.2 ± 2.7 kg; P<0.005). After three months, weight changes correlated with early changes in REE (r=-0.37, P<0.05) and RQ (r=+0.43, P<0.01), and remained correlated when both changes were included in a multivariate regression analysis (r=0.58, P<0.005). In poorly controlled patients with T2D and two days after the introduction of a bedtime insulin analogue, REE decreased by -9% while RQ increased by +5%, pointing to a reduction of lipid oxidation. These changes were predictive of later weight gain. This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogues, or diet. A total of 67 patients (age: 57±9 years; BMI: 33.7±5.0kg/m2; HbA1c: 9.9±1.5%) began taking an insulin analogue at bedtime (INS, n=28; initial dose: 0.2 IU/kg) or a GLP-1 analogue (GLP-1, n=23), or only a dietary intervention (diet, n=16; restricted carbohydrates and calories). Their respiratory exchanges were monitored on days 0, 1 and 2 before breakfast. Two days after starting the bedtime insulin analogue, fasting glycaemia improved (INS: −65±41mg/dL; GLP-1: −29±48mg/dL; diet: −31±46mg/dL; P<0.05), REE decreased (INS: −162±241kcal/24h; GLP-1: 0±141kcal/24h; diet: −41±154kcal/24h; P<0.05) and RQ increased (from 0.76±0.04 to 0.80±0.04; P<0.01), whereas only RQ decreased with diet (from 0.79±0.05 to 0.76±0.04; P<0.05) and remained unchanged with GLP-1 (P<0.005 for ΔRQ across treatments). Only 33 patients attended the scheduled examination three months later. HbA1c improved (INS, n=16: −1.7±1.4%; GLP-1, n=12: −2.1±1.4%; diet, n=5: −1.7±2.8%; NS), while weight changes differed (INS: +1.5±4.3kg; GLP-1: −2.8±2.8kg; diet: −2.2±2.7kg; P<0.005). After three months, weight changes correlated with early changes in REE (r=−0.37, P<0.05) and RQ (r=+0.43, P<0.01), and remained correlated when both changes were included in a multivariate regression analysis (r=0.58, P<0.005). In poorly controlled patients with T2D and two days after the introduction of a bedtime insulin analogue, REE decreased by −9% while RQ increased by +5%, pointing to a reduction of lipid oxidation. These changes were predictive of later weight gain. This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogues, or diet.AIMThis study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogues, or diet.A total of 67 patients (age: 57 ± 9 years; BMI: 33.7 ± 5.0 kg/m(2); HbA1c: 9.9 ± 1.5%) began taking an insulin analogue at bedtime (INS, n=28; initial dose: 0.2 IU/kg) or a GLP-1 analogue (GLP-1, n=23), or only a dietary intervention (diet, n=16; restricted carbohydrates and calories). Their respiratory exchanges were monitored on days 0, 1 and 2 before breakfast.METHODSA total of 67 patients (age: 57 ± 9 years; BMI: 33.7 ± 5.0 kg/m(2); HbA1c: 9.9 ± 1.5%) began taking an insulin analogue at bedtime (INS, n=28; initial dose: 0.2 IU/kg) or a GLP-1 analogue (GLP-1, n=23), or only a dietary intervention (diet, n=16; restricted carbohydrates and calories). Their respiratory exchanges were monitored on days 0, 1 and 2 before breakfast.Two days after starting the bedtime insulin analogue, fasting glycaemia improved (INS: -65 ± 41 mg/dL; GLP-1: -29 ± 48 mg/dL; diet: -31 ± 46 mg/dL; P<0.05), REE decreased (INS: -162 ± 241 kcal/24h; GLP-1: 0 ± 141 kcal/24h; diet: -41 ± 154 kcal/24h; P<0.05) and RQ increased (from 0.76 ± 0.04 to 0.80 ± 0.04; P<0.01), whereas only RQ decreased with diet (from 0.79 ± 0.05 to 0.76 ± 0.04; P<0.05) and remained unchanged with GLP-1 (P<0.005 for ΔRQ across treatments). Only 33 patients attended the scheduled examination three months later. HbA1c improved (INS, n=16: -1.7 ± 1.4%; GLP-1, n=12: -2.1 ± 1.4%; diet, n=5: -1.7 ± 2.8%; NS), while weight changes differed (INS: +1.5 ± 4.3 kg; GLP-1: -2.8 ± 2.8 kg; diet: -2.2 ± 2.7 kg; P<0.005). After three months, weight changes correlated with early changes in REE (r=-0.37, P<0.05) and RQ (r=+0.43, P<0.01), and remained correlated when both changes were included in a multivariate regression analysis (r=0.58, P<0.005).RESULTSTwo days after starting the bedtime insulin analogue, fasting glycaemia improved (INS: -65 ± 41 mg/dL; GLP-1: -29 ± 48 mg/dL; diet: -31 ± 46 mg/dL; P<0.05), REE decreased (INS: -162 ± 241 kcal/24h; GLP-1: 0 ± 141 kcal/24h; diet: -41 ± 154 kcal/24h; P<0.05) and RQ increased (from 0.76 ± 0.04 to 0.80 ± 0.04; P<0.01), whereas only RQ decreased with diet (from 0.79 ± 0.05 to 0.76 ± 0.04; P<0.05) and remained unchanged with GLP-1 (P<0.005 for ΔRQ across treatments). Only 33 patients attended the scheduled examination three months later. HbA1c improved (INS, n=16: -1.7 ± 1.4%; GLP-1, n=12: -2.1 ± 1.4%; diet, n=5: -1.7 ± 2.8%; NS), while weight changes differed (INS: +1.5 ± 4.3 kg; GLP-1: -2.8 ± 2.8 kg; diet: -2.2 ± 2.7 kg; P<0.005). After three months, weight changes correlated with early changes in REE (r=-0.37, P<0.05) and RQ (r=+0.43, P<0.01), and remained correlated when both changes were included in a multivariate regression analysis (r=0.58, P<0.005).In poorly controlled patients with T2D and two days after the introduction of a bedtime insulin analogue, REE decreased by -9% while RQ increased by +5%, pointing to a reduction of lipid oxidation. These changes were predictive of later weight gain.CONCLUSIONIn poorly controlled patients with T2D and two days after the introduction of a bedtime insulin analogue, REE decreased by -9% while RQ increased by +5%, pointing to a reduction of lipid oxidation. These changes were predictive of later weight gain. Abstract Aim This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being treated with insulin or GLP-1 analogues, or diet. Methods A total of 67 patients (age: 57 ± 9 years; BMI: 33.7 ± 5.0 kg/m2 ; HbA1c : 9.9 ± 1.5%) began taking an insulin analogue at bedtime (INS, n = 28; initial dose: 0.2 IU/kg) or a GLP-1 analogue (GLP-1, n = 23), or only a dietary intervention (diet, n = 16; restricted carbohydrates and calories). Their respiratory exchanges were monitored on days 0, 1 and 2 before breakfast. Results Two days after starting the bedtime insulin analogue, fasting glycaemia improved (INS: −65 ± 41 mg/dL; GLP-1: −29 ± 48 mg/dL; diet: −31 ± 46 mg/dL; P < 0.05), REE decreased (INS: −162 ± 241 kcal/24 h; GLP-1: 0 ± 141 kcal/24 h; diet: −41 ± 154 kcal/24 h; P < 0.05) and RQ increased (from 0.76 ± 0.04 to 0.80 ± 0.04; P < 0.01), whereas only RQ decreased with diet (from 0.79 ± 0.05 to 0.76 ± 0.04; P < 0.05) and remained unchanged with GLP-1 ( P < 0.005 for ΔRQ across treatments). Only 33 patients attended the scheduled examination three months later. HbA1c improved (INS, n = 16: −1.7 ± 1.4%; GLP-1, n = 12: −2.1 ± 1.4%; diet, n = 5: −1.7 ± 2.8%; NS), while weight changes differed (INS: +1.5 ± 4.3 kg; GLP-1: −2.8 ± 2.8 kg; diet: −2.2 ± 2.7 kg; P < 0.005). After three months, weight changes correlated with early changes in REE (r = −0.37, P < 0.05) and RQ (r = +0.43, P < 0.01), and remained correlated when both changes were included in a multivariate regression analysis (r = 0.58, P < 0.005). Conclusion In poorly controlled patients with T2D and two days after the introduction of a bedtime insulin analogue, REE decreased by −9% while RQ increased by +5%, pointing to a reduction of lipid oxidation. These changes were predictive of later weight gain.
Author	Gonzalez, C. Maury, E. Masquefa-Giraud, P. Cherifi, B. Pierreisnard, A. Salandini, S. Fagour, C. Gin, H. Rigalleau, V.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: C. surname: Gonzalez fullname: Gonzalez, C. organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 2 givenname: C. surname: Fagour fullname: Fagour, C. organization: Endocrinologie-diabétologie-nutrition, équipe ECM, CHU de Martinique, 97200 Fort-de-France, Martinique – sequence: 3 givenname: E. surname: Maury fullname: Maury, E. organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 4 givenname: B. surname: Cherifi fullname: Cherifi, B. organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 5 givenname: S. surname: Salandini fullname: Salandini, S. organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 6 givenname: A. surname: Pierreisnard fullname: Pierreisnard, A. organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 7 givenname: P. surname: Masquefa-Giraud fullname: Masquefa-Giraud, P. organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 8 givenname: H. surname: Gin fullname: Gin, H. organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France – sequence: 9 givenname: V. surname: Rigalleau fullname: Rigalleau, V. email: vincent.rigalleau@chu-bordeaux.fr organization: Nutrition-diabétologie, CHU de Bordeaux, avenue de Magellan, 33600 Pessac, France
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Keywords	Type 2 diabetes Insulin therapy GLP-1 REE Resting energy expenditure T2D Respiratory quotient BMI RQ body mass index glucagon-like peptide-1 Endocrinopathy Human Pancreatic hormone Controlled diabetes Metabolic diseases Insulin
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Snippet	This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight changes in... Abstract Aim This study looked at whether early changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) are correlated with later weight...
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SubjectTerms	Aged Biological and medical sciences Blood Glucose - drug effects Blood Glucose - metabolism Body Weight - drug effects Cohort Studies Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) Endocrinology & Metabolism Endocrinopathies Energy Metabolism - drug effects Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance Female Glycated Hemoglobin A - metabolism Humans Insulin - administration & dosage Insulin - analogs & derivatives Insulin therapy Internal Medicine Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Respiratory quotient Respiratory Rate - drug effects Rest Resting energy expenditure Type 2 diabetes
Title	Early changes in respiratory quotient and resting energy expenditure predict later weight changes in patients treated for poorly controlled type 2 diabetes
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