Minding the treatment gap: results of the Singapore Mental Health Study

Purpose To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010. Methods 6126 r...

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Vydané v:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Ročník 55; číslo 11; s. 1415 - 1424
Hlavní autori: Subramaniam, Mythily, Abdin, Edimansyah, Vaingankar, Janhavi Ajit, Shafie, Saleha, Chua, Hong Choon, Tan, Weng Mooi, Tan, Kelvin Bryan, Verma, Swapna, Heng, Derrick, Chong, Siow Ann
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.11.2020
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Springer Nature B.V
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ISSN:0933-7954, 1433-9285, 1433-9285
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Abstract Purpose To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010. Methods 6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder. Results The prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively. Conclusions The high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.
AbstractList Purpose To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010. Methods 6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder. Results The prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively. Conclusions The high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.
PurposeTo establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010.Methods6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder.ResultsThe prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively.ConclusionsThe high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.
To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010. 6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder. The prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively. The high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.
To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010. 6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder. The prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively. The high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.
Purpose To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010. Methods 6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder. Results The prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively. Conclusions The high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.
To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010.PURPOSETo establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the second Singapore Mental Health Study and to examine the changes since the last mental health survey conducted in 2010.6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder.METHODS6126 respondents were administered selected modules of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, to assess major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) (which included alcohol abuse and dependence). Past year treatment gap was defined as the absolute difference between the prevalence of a particular mental disorder in the past 12 months preceding the interview and those who had received treatment for that disorder.The prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively.RESULTSThe prevalence of overall 12-month treatment gap in this population was high (78.6%). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of treatment gap among those diagnosed with OCD (compared to those with MDD) and in those with a comorbid chronic physical disorder; while those who had primary education and below and those who were unemployed were less likely to have a treatment gap as compared to those with post-secondary education and those employed, respectively.The high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.CONCLUSIONSThe high treatment gap in the population is concerning and highlights the need to promote help-seeking and uptake of treatment. Given the unique demographic characteristics, i.e., those with higher education and employed were more likely not to seek treatment, targeted interventions in the educational and workplace settings should be implemented.
Audience Academic
Author Heng, Derrick
Subramaniam, Mythily
Tan, Kelvin Bryan
Chong, Siow Ann
Chua, Hong Choon
Vaingankar, Janhavi Ajit
Verma, Swapna
Abdin, Edimansyah
Shafie, Saleha
Tan, Weng Mooi
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Mythily
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4530-1096
  surname: Subramaniam
  fullname: Subramaniam, Mythily
  email: Mythily@imh.com.sg
  organization: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Edimansyah
  surname: Abdin
  fullname: Abdin, Edimansyah
  organization: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health
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  givenname: Janhavi Ajit
  surname: Vaingankar
  fullname: Vaingankar, Janhavi Ajit
  organization: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Saleha
  surname: Shafie
  fullname: Shafie, Saleha
  organization: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Hong Choon
  surname: Chua
  fullname: Chua, Hong Choon
  organization: CEO Office, Institute of Mental Health
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  givenname: Weng Mooi
  surname: Tan
  fullname: Tan, Weng Mooi
  organization: Community Mental Health Division, Agency for Integrated Care (AIC)
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  givenname: Kelvin Bryan
  surname: Tan
  fullname: Tan, Kelvin Bryan
  organization: Policy, Research and Evaluation Division, Ministry of Health
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Swapna
  surname: Verma
  fullname: Verma, Swapna
  organization: Department of Psychosis and East Region, Institute of Mental Health
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Derrick
  surname: Heng
  fullname: Heng, Derrick
  organization: Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Siow Ann
  surname: Chong
  fullname: Chong, Siow Ann
  organization: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31317246$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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The Author(s) 2019. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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– notice: The Author(s) 2019. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Issue 11
Keywords Obsessive compulsive disorder
Alcohol use disorder
Prevalence
Generalized anxiety disorder
Major depressive disorder
Language English
License Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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PublicationSubtitle The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services
PublicationTitle Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
PublicationTitleAbbrev Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
PublicationTitleAlternate Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
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VosADFlaxmanMNaghaviMLozanoRMichaudCEzzatiMYears lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010Lancet201238021632196232456076350784
KoenNSteinDJPharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: a critical reviewDialogues Clin Neurosci2011134423437222758483263390
World Health Organization (WHO)Depression and other common mental disorders2017GenevaWHO(WHO reference number: WHO/MSD/MER/2017.2)
SheehanDVHarnett-SheehanKRajBAThe measurement of disabilityInt Clin Psychopharmacol199611Suppl 389958923116
Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) (2014) Tripartite Guidelines on Fair Employment Practices. https://www.tafep.sg/publication/tripartite-guidelines-fair-employment-practices. Accessed 14 July 2019
StirlingSEmeryHA whole school framework for emotional well-being and mental health2016LondonNational Children’s Bureau
MojtabaiRUnmet need for treatment of major depression in the United StatesPsychiatr Serv200960329730519252041
EdlundMJBoothBMFeldmanZPerceived need for treatment for alcohol use disorders: results from two national surveysPsychiatr Serv2009601216181628199521522859201
MichelCSchnyderNSchmidtSJGrothNSchimmelmannBGSchultze-LutterFFunctioning mediates help-seeking for mental problems in the general populationEur Psychiatry2018541930031990
SimonGETreating depression in patients with chronic disease: recognition and treatment are crucial; depression worsens the course of a chronic illnessWest J Med200117552922931:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mnkt1Sntg%3D%3D116944621071593
FinkDSCalabreseJRLiberzonITamburrinoMBChanPCohenGHRetrospective age-of-onset and projected lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among U.S. Army National Guard soldiersJ Affect Disord2016202171177272626394947427
ChongSAAbdinEPiccoLPangSJeyagurunathanAVaingankarJARecognition of mental disorders among a multiracial population in Southeast AsiaBMC Psychiatry2016161121271425774855433
LijsterJMDierckxBUtensEMVerhulstFCZieldorffCDielemanGCThe age of onset of anxiety disordersCan J Psychiatry201762423724627310233
Shaw Trust Policy Institute (2018) Mental Health at Work: Still the Last Taboo. https://www.shaw-trust.org.uk/ShawTrustMediaLibraries/ShawTrust/ShawTrust/Documents/Shaw-Trust-Mental-Health-at-Work-Report-2018-full_1.pdf. Accessed 14 July 2019
KesslerRCUstunTBThe World Mental Health (WMH) Survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)Int J Methods Psychiatr Res200413931211529790615297906
Channel News Asia (2019). https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/aia-launches-first-insurance-policy-singapore-covers-mental-illn-11165002 Accessed 13 Jun 2019
SubramaniamMAbdinEPiccoLPangSShafieSVaingankarJAStigma towards people with mental disorders and its components—a perspective from multi-ethnic SingaporeEpidemiol Psychiatr Sci20172643713821:STN:280:DC%2BC28fkt1aqtg%3D%3D27018715
Ministry of Health, Singapore (2018) Healthcare schemes and subsidies. https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies. Accessed 14 July 2019
SartoriusNComorbidity of mental and physical diseases: a main challenge for medicine of the 21st centuryShanghai Arch Psychiatry20132526869
DemyttenaereKBruffaertsRPosada-VillaJGasquetIKovessVLepineJPPrevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health SurveysJAMA2004291212581259015173149
ChongSAAbdinESherbourneCVaingankarJHengDYapMTreatment gap in common mental disorders: the Singapore perspectiveEpidemiol Psychiatric Sci20122121952021:STN:280:DC%2BC38jpsV2mtA%3D%3D
SheffieldJKFiorenzaESofronoffKAdolescents’ willingness to seek psychological help: promoting and preventing factorsJ Youth Adolesc2004336495507
SchierenbeckIJohanssonPAnderssonLVan RooyenDBarriers to accessing and receiving mental health care in Eastern Cape, South AfricaHealth Hum Rights201315211012324421159
Evans-LackoSAguilar-GaxiolaSAl-HamzawiAAlonsoJBenjetCBruffaertsRSocio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveysPsychol Med2018489156015711:STN:280:DC%2BC1M3kslGntw%3D%3D29173244
SareenJJagdeoACoxBJClaraIten HaveMBelikSLPerceived barriers to mental health service utilization in the United States, Ontario, and the NetherlandsPsychiatr Serv200758335736417325109
PangSLiuJMaheshMChuaBYShahwanSLeeSPStigma among Singaporean youth: a cross-sectional study on adolescent attitudes towards serious mental illness and social tolerance in a multiethnic populationBMJ Open2017710e016432290423795652546
KesslerRCHeeringaSLakomaMDPetukhovaMRuppAESchoenbaumMIndividual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: results from the National Co-morbidity Survey ReplicationAm J Psychiatry2008165703771184631042410028
KerrHMental distress survey overview2014LondonNUS Services Limited
HorKTaylorMSuicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factorsJ Psychopharmacol2010244 Suppl8190209239232951591
GlazeLEParksECorrectional populations in the United States, 20112012Washington DCOffice of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics
SubramaniamMAbdinEVaingankarJAShafieSChuaBYSambasivamRTracking the mental health of a nation: prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the second Singapore mental health studyEpidemiol Psychiatr Sci20191011010.1017/s2045796019000179(Epub ahead of print)
FontHRoelandtJLBehalHGeoffroyPAPignonBAmadAPrevalence and predictors of no lifetime utilization of mental health treatment among people with mental disorders in France: findings from the ‘Mental Health in General Population’ (MHGP) surveySoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201853656757629619580
McCronePKnappMFombonneEThe Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression. Predicting costs in adulthoodEur Child Adolesc Psychiatry200514740741316254770
BarakAHenLBoniel-NissimMShapiraNA comprehensive review and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of internet-based psychotherapeutic interventionsJ Tech Human Serv2008262109160
IshikawaHKawakamiNKesslerRCWorld Mental Health Japan Survey Collaborators Lifetime and 12-month prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders in Japan: results from the final dataset of World Mental Health Japan SurveyEpidemiol Psychiatr Sci20162532172291:STN:280:DC%2BC28%2Fgtl2jsw%3D%3D26148821
GulliverAGriffithsKMChristensenHPerceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic reviewBMC Psychiatry201010113211927953022639
RowanKMcAlpineDDBlewettLAAccess and cost barriers to mental health care, by insurance status, 1999–2010Health Aff (Millwood)2013321017231730
KohnRSaxenaSLevavISaracenoBThe treatment gap in mental health careBull World Health Organ20048211858866156409222623050
ChandrashekarPDo mental health mobile apps work: evidence and recommendations for designing high-efficacy mental health mobile appsMhealth201846296825105897664
VaingankarJARekhiGSubramaniamMAbdinEChongSAAge of onset of life-time mental disorders and treatment contactSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201348583584323076588
IselTRAssessing the economic costs of serious mental illnessAm J Psychiatry20081656663665
DewaCSWorker attitudes towards mental health problems and disclosureInt J Occup Environ Med2014541751861:STN:280:DC%2BC2M7mt12jsw%3D%3D25270007
RickwoodDDeaneFWilsonCWhen and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems?Med J Aust2007877 SupplS35S39
ClementSSchaumanOGrahamTMaggioniFEvans-LackoSBezborodovsNWhat is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studiesPsychol Med20154511271:STN:280:DC%2BC2cvnvFyksw%3D%3D24569086
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017) National survey of mental health and wellbeing: users’ guide. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/4327.0~2007~Main+Features~Other+scales+and+measures?OpenDocument#PARALINK14. Accessed 14 July 2019
American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders20004Washington, DCText Revision
S Clement (1748_CR9) 2015; 45
MJ Edlund (1748_CR35) 2009; 60
P Chandrashekar (1748_CR34) 2018; 4
World Health Organization (1748_CR5) 2010
TR Isel (1748_CR18) 2008; 165
H Kerr (1748_CR45) 2014
D Rickwood (1748_CR7) 2007; 87
RC Kessler (1748_CR24) 2004; 13
JM Lijster (1748_CR42) 2017; 62
N Koen (1748_CR6) 2011; 13
S Pang (1748_CR36) 2017; 7
K Rowan (1748_CR12) 2013; 32
1748_CR27
M Subramaniam (1748_CR23) 2019; 10
SA Chong (1748_CR8) 2016; 16
M Subramaniam (1748_CR10) 2017; 26
JA Vaingankar (1748_CR44) 2013; 48
H Font (1748_CR19) 2018; 53
J Sareen (1748_CR32) 2007; 58
CS Dewa (1748_CR39) 2014; 5
GE Simon (1748_CR41) 2001; 175
JK Sheffield (1748_CR11) 2004; 33
S Evans-Lacko (1748_CR21) 2018; 48
I Schierenbeck (1748_CR13) 2013; 15
1748_CR31
H Ishikawa (1748_CR28) 2016; 25
1748_CR30
S Stirling (1748_CR46) 2016
R Mojtabai (1748_CR29) 2009; 60
A Gulliver (1748_CR33) 2010; 10
RC Kessler (1748_CR17) 2008; 165
DV Sheehan (1748_CR26) 1996; 11
World Health Organization (WHO) (1748_CR1) 2017
AD Vos (1748_CR2) 2012; 380
K Demyttenaere (1748_CR4) 2004; 291
P McCrone (1748_CR14) 2005; 14
1748_CR38
A Barak (1748_CR47) 2008; 26
SA Chong (1748_CR22) 2012; 21
1748_CR37
DS Fink (1748_CR43) 2016; 202
R Kohn (1748_CR3) 2004; 82
K Hor (1748_CR15) 2010; 24
American Psychiatric Association (1748_CR25) 2000
C Michel (1748_CR20) 2018; 54
N Sartorius (1748_CR40) 2013; 25
LE Glaze (1748_CR16) 2012
References_xml – reference: Shaw Trust Policy Institute (2018) Mental Health at Work: Still the Last Taboo. https://www.shaw-trust.org.uk/ShawTrustMediaLibraries/ShawTrust/ShawTrust/Documents/Shaw-Trust-Mental-Health-at-Work-Report-2018-full_1.pdf. Accessed 14 July 2019
– reference: LijsterJMDierckxBUtensEMVerhulstFCZieldorffCDielemanGCThe age of onset of anxiety disordersCan J Psychiatry201762423724627310233
– reference: SimonGETreating depression in patients with chronic disease: recognition and treatment are crucial; depression worsens the course of a chronic illnessWest J Med200117552922931:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mnkt1Sntg%3D%3D116944621071593
– reference: VaingankarJARekhiGSubramaniamMAbdinEChongSAAge of onset of life-time mental disorders and treatment contactSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201348583584323076588
– reference: World Health OrganizationmhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings: mental health gap action programme (mhGAP)2010GenevaWHO
– reference: BarakAHenLBoniel-NissimMShapiraNA comprehensive review and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of internet-based psychotherapeutic interventionsJ Tech Human Serv2008262109160
– reference: Evans-LackoSAguilar-GaxiolaSAl-HamzawiAAlonsoJBenjetCBruffaertsRSocio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveysPsychol Med2018489156015711:STN:280:DC%2BC1M3kslGntw%3D%3D29173244
– reference: Ministry of Health, Singapore (2018) Healthcare schemes and subsidies. https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies. Accessed 14 July 2019
– reference: DemyttenaereKBruffaertsRPosada-VillaJGasquetIKovessVLepineJPPrevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health SurveysJAMA2004291212581259015173149
– reference: RickwoodDDeaneFWilsonCWhen and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems?Med J Aust2007877 SupplS35S39
– reference: ClementSSchaumanOGrahamTMaggioniFEvans-LackoSBezborodovsNWhat is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studiesPsychol Med20154511271:STN:280:DC%2BC2cvnvFyksw%3D%3D24569086
– reference: ChongSAAbdinEPiccoLPangSJeyagurunathanAVaingankarJARecognition of mental disorders among a multiracial population in Southeast AsiaBMC Psychiatry2016161121271425774855433
– reference: McCronePKnappMFombonneEThe Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression. Predicting costs in adulthoodEur Child Adolesc Psychiatry200514740741316254770
– reference: KesslerRCUstunTBThe World Mental Health (WMH) Survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)Int J Methods Psychiatr Res200413931211529790615297906
– reference: FinkDSCalabreseJRLiberzonITamburrinoMBChanPCohenGHRetrospective age-of-onset and projected lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among U.S. Army National Guard soldiersJ Affect Disord2016202171177272626394947427
– reference: KesslerRCHeeringaSLakomaMDPetukhovaMRuppAESchoenbaumMIndividual and societal effects of mental disorders on earnings in the United States: results from the National Co-morbidity Survey ReplicationAm J Psychiatry2008165703771184631042410028
– reference: ChongSAAbdinESherbourneCVaingankarJHengDYapMTreatment gap in common mental disorders: the Singapore perspectiveEpidemiol Psychiatric Sci20122121952021:STN:280:DC%2BC38jpsV2mtA%3D%3D
– reference: Channel News Asia (2019). https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/aia-launches-first-insurance-policy-singapore-covers-mental-illn-11165002 Accessed 13 Jun 2019
– reference: SheffieldJKFiorenzaESofronoffKAdolescents’ willingness to seek psychological help: promoting and preventing factorsJ Youth Adolesc2004336495507
– reference: FontHRoelandtJLBehalHGeoffroyPAPignonBAmadAPrevalence and predictors of no lifetime utilization of mental health treatment among people with mental disorders in France: findings from the ‘Mental Health in General Population’ (MHGP) surveySoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201853656757629619580
– reference: GlazeLEParksECorrectional populations in the United States, 20112012Washington DCOffice of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics
– reference: KerrHMental distress survey overview2014LondonNUS Services Limited
– reference: KohnRSaxenaSLevavISaracenoBThe treatment gap in mental health careBull World Health Organ20048211858866156409222623050
– reference: StirlingSEmeryHA whole school framework for emotional well-being and mental health2016LondonNational Children’s Bureau
– reference: SheehanDVHarnett-SheehanKRajBAThe measurement of disabilityInt Clin Psychopharmacol199611Suppl 389958923116
– reference: GulliverAGriffithsKMChristensenHPerceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic reviewBMC Psychiatry201010113211927953022639
– reference: RowanKMcAlpineDDBlewettLAAccess and cost barriers to mental health care, by insurance status, 1999–2010Health Aff (Millwood)2013321017231730
– reference: HorKTaylorMSuicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factorsJ Psychopharmacol2010244 Suppl8190209239232951591
– reference: KoenNSteinDJPharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: a critical reviewDialogues Clin Neurosci2011134423437222758483263390
– reference: SubramaniamMAbdinEPiccoLPangSShafieSVaingankarJAStigma towards people with mental disorders and its components—a perspective from multi-ethnic SingaporeEpidemiol Psychiatr Sci20172643713821:STN:280:DC%2BC28fkt1aqtg%3D%3D27018715
– reference: American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders20004Washington, DCText Revision
– reference: MichelCSchnyderNSchmidtSJGrothNSchimmelmannBGSchultze-LutterFFunctioning mediates help-seeking for mental problems in the general populationEur Psychiatry2018541930031990
– reference: Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) (2014) Tripartite Guidelines on Fair Employment Practices. https://www.tafep.sg/publication/tripartite-guidelines-fair-employment-practices. Accessed 14 July 2019
– reference: DewaCSWorker attitudes towards mental health problems and disclosureInt J Occup Environ Med2014541751861:STN:280:DC%2BC2M7mt12jsw%3D%3D25270007
– reference: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017) National survey of mental health and wellbeing: users’ guide. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/4327.0~2007~Main+Features~Other+scales+and+measures?OpenDocument#PARALINK14. Accessed 14 July 2019
– reference: SareenJJagdeoACoxBJClaraIten HaveMBelikSLPerceived barriers to mental health service utilization in the United States, Ontario, and the NetherlandsPsychiatr Serv200758335736417325109
– reference: PangSLiuJMaheshMChuaBYShahwanSLeeSPStigma among Singaporean youth: a cross-sectional study on adolescent attitudes towards serious mental illness and social tolerance in a multiethnic populationBMJ Open2017710e016432290423795652546
– reference: SartoriusNComorbidity of mental and physical diseases: a main challenge for medicine of the 21st centuryShanghai Arch Psychiatry20132526869
– reference: EdlundMJBoothBMFeldmanZPerceived need for treatment for alcohol use disorders: results from two national surveysPsychiatr Serv2009601216181628199521522859201
– reference: IselTRAssessing the economic costs of serious mental illnessAm J Psychiatry20081656663665
– reference: SchierenbeckIJohanssonPAnderssonLVan RooyenDBarriers to accessing and receiving mental health care in Eastern Cape, South AfricaHealth Hum Rights201315211012324421159
– reference: VosADFlaxmanMNaghaviMLozanoRMichaudCEzzatiMYears lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010Lancet201238021632196232456076350784
– reference: IshikawaHKawakamiNKesslerRCWorld Mental Health Japan Survey Collaborators Lifetime and 12-month prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders in Japan: results from the final dataset of World Mental Health Japan SurveyEpidemiol Psychiatr Sci20162532172291:STN:280:DC%2BC28%2Fgtl2jsw%3D%3D26148821
– reference: MojtabaiRUnmet need for treatment of major depression in the United StatesPsychiatr Serv200960329730519252041
– reference: SubramaniamMAbdinEVaingankarJAShafieSChuaBYSambasivamRTracking the mental health of a nation: prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the second Singapore mental health studyEpidemiol Psychiatr Sci20191011010.1017/s2045796019000179(Epub ahead of print)
– reference: ChandrashekarPDo mental health mobile apps work: evidence and recommendations for designing high-efficacy mental health mobile appsMhealth201846296825105897664
– reference: World Health Organization (WHO)Depression and other common mental disorders2017GenevaWHO(WHO reference number: WHO/MSD/MER/2017.2)
– volume-title: Correctional populations in the United States, 2011
  year: 2012
  ident: 1748_CR16
– volume: 21
  start-page: 195
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 1748_CR22
  publication-title: Epidemiol Psychiatric Sci
  doi: 10.1017/S2045796011000771
– volume: 48
  start-page: 1560
  issue: 9
  year: 2018
  ident: 1748_CR21
  publication-title: Psychol Med
  doi: 10.1017/S0033291717003336
– volume-title: A whole school framework for emotional well-being and mental health
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– volume: 165
  start-page: 663
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  publication-title: Am J Psychiatry
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– volume: 10
  start-page: 1
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  publication-title: Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci
  doi: 10.1017/s2045796019000179
– volume: 58
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Snippet Purpose To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data...
To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data from the...
Purpose To establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data...
PurposeTo establish the 12-month treatment gap and its associated factors among adults with mental disorders in the Singapore resident population using data...
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SubjectTerms Alcohol
Alcohol abuse
Alcohol use
Analysis
Anxiety
Bipolar disorder
Care and treatment
Demographics
Dependence
Diagnostic systems
Education
Epidemiology
Health surveys
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Mental disorders
Mental health
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Original Paper
Psychiatry
Regression analysis
Substance abuse
Surveys
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Title Minding the treatment gap: results of the Singapore Mental Health Study
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