Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring – development and testing among undergraduate nursing students
Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐ca...
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| Published in: | Scandinavian journal of caring sciences Vol. 35; no. 4; pp. 1123 - 1133 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.12.2021
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0283-9318, 1471-6712, 1471-6712 |
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| Abstract | Rationale
To maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.
Aim
The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring.
Method
An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty‐eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.
Result
The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non‐caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed‐event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter‐rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.
Discussion/Conclusion
The CBCS is a theory‐based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well‐being. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Rationale: To maintain patients’ dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.
Aim: The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring.
Method: An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.
Result: The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.
Discussion/Conclusion: The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being. Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty‐eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non‐caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed‐event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter‐rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory‐based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well‐being. Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being. RationaleTo maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.AimThe aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring.MethodAn instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty‐eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.ResultThe Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non‐caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed‐event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter‐rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.Discussion/ConclusionThe CBCS is a theory‐based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well‐being. Rationale To maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers' non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson's Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson's Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson's Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers' behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers' caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being. Rationale To maintain patients dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swansons Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swansons Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swansons Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being. To maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers' non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.RATIONALETo maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers' non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson's Theory of Caring.AIMThe aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson's Theory of Caring.An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.METHODAn instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson's Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson's Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.RESULTThe Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson's Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson's Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers' behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers' caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being.DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONThe CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers' behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers' caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being. |
| Author | Knutsson, Susanne Swanson, Kristen M. Broström, Anders Björk, Maria Mårtensson, Sophie Hjelm, Carina Hodges, Eric A. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Nursing Science School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden 4 Department of Health and Caring Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Linnaeus University Växjö Sweden 3 School of Nursing The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA 5 Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden 6 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Linköping University Hospital Linköping Sweden 2 CHILD Research Group Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden 7 Seattle University Seattle WA USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 School of Nursing The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA – name: 5 Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden – name: 2 CHILD Research Group Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden – name: 6 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Linköping University Hospital Linköping Sweden – name: 4 Department of Health and Caring Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Linnaeus University Växjö Sweden – name: 7 Seattle University Seattle WA USA – name: 1 Department of Nursing Science School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sophie orcidid: 0000-0002-0261-2217 surname: Mårtensson fullname: Mårtensson, Sophie email: sophie.martensson@ju.se organization: Jönköping University – sequence: 2 givenname: Eric A. surname: Hodges fullname: Hodges, Eric A. organization: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill – sequence: 3 givenname: Susanne surname: Knutsson fullname: Knutsson, Susanne organization: Linnaeus University – sequence: 4 givenname: Carina surname: Hjelm fullname: Hjelm, Carina organization: Linköping University – sequence: 5 givenname: Anders orcidid: 0000-0002-0433-0619 surname: Broström fullname: Broström, Anders organization: Linköping University Hospital – sequence: 6 givenname: Kristen M. surname: Swanson fullname: Swanson, Kristen M. organization: Seattle University – sequence: 7 givenname: Maria surname: Björk fullname: Björk, Maria organization: Jönköping University |
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| Cites_doi | 10.20467/1091-5710.19.4.44 10.1186/s13012-019-0902-6 10.1002/hsr2.87 10.1097/00006216-197900340-00010 10.20467/HumanCaring-D-17-00021.1 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00647.x 10.1097/00006199-200601000-00003 10.1016/j.pec.2005.04.015 10.20467/1091-5710.11.4.8 10.1111/jocn.14121 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2006.00045.x 10.1093/intqhc/mzy215 10.14236/jhi.v21i4.72 10.20467/1091-5710.7.3.31 10.1097/00001888-200402000-00013 10.1891/9780826159922 10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00012-5 10.1093/jpepsy/jsu099 10.1097/00006199-199105000-00008 10.1111/scs.12504 10.1177/089431849701000114 10.1111/j.1547-5069.1993.tb00271.x 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00308-1 10.1017/CBO9780511527685 10.1111/jocn.12632 10.4236/ojn.2015.511104 10.1515/9783110208856.233 |
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| Title | Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring – development and testing among undergraduate nursing students |
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