Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring – development and testing among undergraduate nursing students

Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐ca...

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Published in:Scandinavian journal of caring sciences Vol. 35; no. 4; pp. 1123 - 1133
Main Authors: Mårtensson, Sophie, Hodges, Eric A., Knutsson, Susanne, Hjelm, Carina, Broström, Anders, Swanson, Kristen M., Björk, Maria
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Oxford Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.12.2021
John Wiley and Sons Inc
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ISSN:0283-9318, 1471-6712, 1471-6712
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Abstract Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty‐eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non‐caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed‐event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter‐rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory‐based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well‐being.
AbstractList Rationale: To maintain patients’ dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim: The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Method: An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result: The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion: The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being.
Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty‐eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non‐caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed‐event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter‐rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory‐based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well‐being.
Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being.
RationaleTo maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers’ non‐caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.AimThe aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring.MethodAn instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty‐eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.ResultThe Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non‐caring in accordance with Swanson’s Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed‐event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter‐rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson’s Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.Discussion/ConclusionThe CBCS is a theory‐based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers’ behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non‐caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers’ caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well‐being.
Rationale To maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers' non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson's Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson's Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson's Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers' behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers' caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being.
Rationale To maintain patients dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients. Aim The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swansons Theory of Caring. Method An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient. Result The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swansons Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swansons Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction. Discussion/Conclusion The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being.
To maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers' non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.RATIONALETo maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year patient boards receive an increasing number of complaints from patients and significant others regarding healthcare providers' non-caring behaviours. Defining and measuring both verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behaviour in healthcare delivery is vital to address such complaints. However, no studies were found that incorporated a comprehensive theory of caring to code encounters between healthcare providers and patients.The aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson's Theory of Caring.AIMThe aim was to develop and test a Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson's Theory of Caring.An instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.METHODAn instrument development process was used for behavioural coding including observational data from thirty-eight video recordings collected in an undergraduate nursing course at a Swedish University. The observational data involved interactions between undergraduate nursing students and a standardised patient.The Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson's Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson's Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.RESULTThe Caring Behavior Coding Scheme (the CBCS), contains seventeen verbal and eight nonverbal behavioural codes, categorised as caring and non-caring in accordance with Swanson's Theory of Caring. Content and face validity were assessed. Timed-event sequential continuous coding was performed in INTERACT software. The coder achieved excellent agreement with the developed gold standard (k = 0.87) and excellent mean inter-rater reliability (k = 0.82). All domains in Swanson's Theory of Caring were observed and coded in the interaction.The CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers' behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers' caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being.DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONThe CBCS is a theory-based instrument that contributes to research on healthcare providers' behavioural encounters. It uses verbal and nonverbal caring and non-caring behavioural codes to assess the alignment of both the theory and practice of caring. The CBCS can contribute to both development and measurement of interventions focused on improving healthcare providers' caring behaviour with the intended outcome of patient well-being.
Author Knutsson, Susanne
Swanson, Kristen M.
Broström, Anders
Björk, Maria
Mårtensson, Sophie
Hjelm, Carina
Hodges, Eric A.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Nursing Science School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden
4 Department of Health and Caring Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Linnaeus University Växjö Sweden
3 School of Nursing The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
5 Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
6 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Linköping University Hospital Linköping Sweden
2 CHILD Research Group Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden
7 Seattle University Seattle WA USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 School of Nursing The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
– name: 5 Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
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– name: 6 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Linköping University Hospital Linköping Sweden
– name: 4 Department of Health and Caring Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Linnaeus University Växjö Sweden
– name: 7 Seattle University Seattle WA USA
– name: 1 Department of Nursing Science School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden
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  givenname: Eric A.
  surname: Hodges
  fullname: Hodges, Eric A.
  organization: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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  givenname: Susanne
  surname: Knutsson
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  givenname: Carina
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  fullname: Hjelm, Carina
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  surname: Broström
  fullname: Broström, Anders
  organization: Linköping University Hospital
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  givenname: Kristen M.
  surname: Swanson
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  givenname: Maria
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  organization: Jönköping University
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2020 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic College of Caring Science
2020. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2020 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic College of Caring Science.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2020 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic College of Caring Science
– notice: 2020. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2020 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic College of Caring Science.
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Issue 4
Keywords healthcare providers
observational methods
simulation
caring behaviour
behavioural coding
s Theory of Caring
Swanson&#8217
undergraduate nursing student
Language English
License Attribution
This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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PublicationTitle Scandinavian journal of caring sciences
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Snippet Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet,...
RationaleTo maintain patients’ dignity and well‐being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet,...
To maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet, every year...
Rationale To maintain patients’ dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet,...
Rationale: To maintain patients’ dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet,...
Rationale To maintain patients dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet,...
Rationale To maintain patients' dignity and well-being and alleviate suffering, it is essential that healthcare providers engage in caring behaviours. Yet,...
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SubjectTerms adult
Behavior
behavioural coding
care behavior
Caregiving
caring behaviour
College students
Complaints
Empirical Studies
face validity
gold standard
Health care delivery
Health care industry
Health services
healthcare providers
human
Human dignity
interrater reliability
Measurement
Nonverbal communication
Nurses
Nursing
Nursing care
Nursing education
nursing student
observational method
observational methods
Observational studies
Omvårdnad
outcome assessment
Patient satisfaction
Patients
Reliability
s Theory of Caring
Significant others
simulation
software
Swanson&#8217
Swanson’s Theory of Caring
theoretical study
Theory
undergraduate nursing student
videorecording
wellbeing
Title Caring Behavior Coding Scheme based on Swanson’s Theory of Caring – development and testing among undergraduate nursing students
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