Three types of rescue can avert extinction in a changing environment
Setting aside high-quality large areas of habitat to protect threatened populations is becoming increasingly difficult as humans fragment and degrade the environment. Biologists and managers therefore must determine the best way to shepherd small populations through the dual challenges of reductions...
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| Vydáno v: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Ročník 112; číslo 33; s. 10557 - 10562 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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United States
18.08.2015
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| ISSN: | 1091-6490 |
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| Abstract | Setting aside high-quality large areas of habitat to protect threatened populations is becoming increasingly difficult as humans fragment and degrade the environment. Biologists and managers therefore must determine the best way to shepherd small populations through the dual challenges of reductions in both the number of individuals and genetic variability. By bringing in additional individuals, threatened populations can be increased in size (demographic rescue) or provided with variation to facilitate adaptation and reduce inbreeding (genetic rescue). The relative strengths of demographic and genetic rescue for reducing extinction and increasing growth of threatened populations are untested, and which type of rescue is effective may vary with population size. Using the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) in a microcosm experiment, we disentangled the genetic and demographic components of rescue, and compared them with adaptation from standing genetic variation (evolutionary rescue in the strictest sense) using 244 experimental populations founded at either a smaller (50 individuals) or larger (150 individuals) size. Both types of rescue reduced extinction, and those effects were additive. Over the course of six generations, genetic rescue increased population sizes and intrinsic fitness substantially. Both large and small populations showed evidence of being able to adapt from standing genetic variation. Our results support the practice of genetic rescue in facilitating adaptation and reducing inbreeding depression, and suggest that demographic rescue alone may suffice in larger populations even if only moderately inbred individuals are available for addition. |
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| AbstractList | Setting aside high-quality large areas of habitat to protect threatened populations is becoming increasingly difficult as humans fragment and degrade the environment. Biologists and managers therefore must determine the best way to shepherd small populations through the dual challenges of reductions in both the number of individuals and genetic variability. By bringing in additional individuals, threatened populations can be increased in size (demographic rescue) or provided with variation to facilitate adaptation and reduce inbreeding (genetic rescue). The relative strengths of demographic and genetic rescue for reducing extinction and increasing growth of threatened populations are untested, and which type of rescue is effective may vary with population size. Using the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) in a microcosm experiment, we disentangled the genetic and demographic components of rescue, and compared them with adaptation from standing genetic variation (evolutionary rescue in the strictest sense) using 244 experimental populations founded at either a smaller (50 individuals) or larger (150 individuals) size. Both types of rescue reduced extinction, and those effects were additive. Over the course of six generations, genetic rescue increased population sizes and intrinsic fitness substantially. Both large and small populations showed evidence of being able to adapt from standing genetic variation. Our results support the practice of genetic rescue in facilitating adaptation and reducing inbreeding depression, and suggest that demographic rescue alone may suffice in larger populations even if only moderately inbred individuals are available for addition. |
| Author | Kasyon, Emily Tuff, Ty Richards, Christopher Hufbauer, Ruth A Szűcs, Marianna Youngberg, Courtney Koontz, Michael J Melbourne, Brett A |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ruth A surname: Hufbauer fullname: Hufbauer, Ruth A email: ruth.hufbauer@colostate.edu organization: Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177; Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; ruth.hufbauer@colostate.edu – sequence: 2 givenname: Marianna surname: Szűcs fullname: Szűcs, Marianna organization: Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177 – sequence: 3 givenname: Emily surname: Kasyon fullname: Kasyon, Emily organization: Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177 – sequence: 4 givenname: Courtney surname: Youngberg fullname: Youngberg, Courtney organization: Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177 – sequence: 5 givenname: Michael J surname: Koontz fullname: Koontz, Michael J organization: Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177; Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 – sequence: 6 givenname: Christopher surname: Richards fullname: Richards, Christopher organization: US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO 80521 – sequence: 7 givenname: Ty surname: Tuff fullname: Tuff, Ty organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 – sequence: 8 givenname: Brett A surname: Melbourne fullname: Melbourne, Brett A organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240320$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Title | Three types of rescue can avert extinction in a changing environment |
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